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•
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'
THE JOURNAL
&rdjatolofftcal association,
ESTABLISHED 1843,
ENCOURAGEMENT AND PROSECUTION OF RESEARCHES
INTO THE ARTS AND MONUMENTS OF THE
EARLY AND MIDDLE AGES.
VOL^r^KCViri
Hontiott:
PRINTED FOR THE ASSOCIATION
MDCCtLXMI.
>!>u*5
THE JOURNAL
SUdjafologtral Slssortation,
ESTABLISHED 1843,
ENCOURAGEMENT AND PROSECUTION OF RESEARCHES
INTO THE ARTS AND MONUMENTS OF THE
EARLY AND MIDDLE AGES.
1872.
PRINTED FOR THE ASSOCIATION.
MDCCCLXMI.
LONDON: T. 1UCHARDS, 37, GREAT QUEEN STREET, W.C.
CONTENTS.
Rules, List of Associates, etc. .....
On the Origin of the Hundred and Tithing ) Rev w Barnes, B. D of English Law . . -J
On the Municipal Archives of Dorset . J. 0. Halliwell .
On the Antiquities of Portland . • G. Eliot .
Report on Ancient Remains found at Maiden j H g Cuming Castle, Dorsetshire . . • j
On Three Lists of Monasteries compiled in \ w Aq q Bjrcli the Thirteenth Century . . j
The Cerne Giant .
On the Family and Connexions of Robert Fitz Gerald .
St. Katherine .
On the Great Seals of King William II
On the Worship of Diana in Britain
Dr. W. Smart
J. R. Blanche
H. Syer Cuming W. de G. Birch Thos. Morgan 142,
On the Involuntary Visit of Philip of Austria j
and Juana of Spain to Weymouth in V G. R. Wright 1506 . • • • • )
Wareham and its Religious Houses . E. Levien . 154,
On Church Chests . . . . H. Syer Cuming .
Notes on Wareham and on Early Customs 1 -^y jj Biack and Monuments of Dorset . . J
On Hungarian Political and County Insti- ) Auo> (j0j(jsmi(j tutions, and their Analogy to our own J °'
On Corfe Castle
T. Blashill
Notes on the West Saxon Bishoprics, more i particularly that of Sherborne
}
1
21
28
:;i
39
45
65
113
122 129
237
145
244
225
23o
241 25 £ 313
On n Re
ewly discovered Roman and Saxon | j g^eyens Remains at Finkley, near Andover . J l
327
T. Morgan
lining
iv I ONTENTS.
th< Worship of Apollo in Britain
On Seals in the P< ss< ssion of the Corpora- ) ^ gver Q tion of Canterbury, etc. . ./
ssimi Martialis Apostoli: the ) ^ ^ ^ Birch Life of St. Martial, by Aurelianus . J
N te in Correction of the Report of the")
Proceedings of the Weymouth Con- V J. R. Planche"
on Friday, August 25 . . )
ceedings of the Association . . . 71,171,272,392
Proceedings of the Weymouth Congress . . 85, 199, 285
Annual I 1 Meeting, Election of Officers, and
Treasurer's Report ....
PAGE
337
347
353
Election of A ssi ciates
Presents to the Association
194
71, 76, 171, 281, 392, 398
71, 70, 77, 171, 176, 182, 189, 272,
281, 392, 398
|
Biographical Memoirs |
307 |
|
Antiquarian Intelligence |
408 |
|
Index |
417 |
|
List of Blustrations |
423 |
|
ta |
421 |
1872.
$rifalj Slrrjjnrologirnl tenriotton.
The British Archaeological Association was founded in 1848, to investigate, preserve, and illustrate, all ancient monuments of the history, manners, customs, and arts of our forefathers, in furtherance of the princi- ples on which the Society of Antiquaries of London was established ; and to aid the objects of that institution, by rendering available resources which had not been drawn upon, and which, indeed, did not come within the scope of any antiquarian or literary society.
The means by which the Association propose to effect this object are .
1. By holding communication with Correspondents throughout the king- dom, and with provincial Antiquarian Societies ; as well as by intercourse with similar Associations in foreign countries.
2. By holding frequent and regular Meetings for the consideration and discussion of communications made by the Associates, or received from Correspondents.
3. By promoting careful observation and preservation of Antiquities discovered in the Progress of Public Works, such as railways, sewers, foundations of buildings, etc.
4. By encouraging individuals or associations in making researches and excavations, and affording them suggestions and cooperation.
5. By opposing and preventing, as far as may be practicable, all injuries with which Ancient National Monuments of every description may from time to time be threatened.
G. By using every endeavour to spread abroad a correct taste for Archaeology, and a just appreciation of Monuments of Ancient Art, so as ultimately to secure a general interest in their preservation.
7. By collecting accurate drawings, plans, and descriptions of Ancient National Monuments, and by means of Correspondents preserving authentic memorials of all antiquities which may from time to time be brought to light.
6. By establishing a Journal devoted exclusively to the objects of the Association, aa a means of spreading antiquarian information and main- taining a constant communication with all persons interested in such pursuits.
By holding Annual Congresses in different parts of the country, to examine into their special antiquities, to promote an interest in them and thereby conduce to their preservation.
Thirteen public Meetings arc held, on the 2nd and 4th Wednesdays in the month during the season, at eight o'clock in the evening, for the reading and discussion of papers, and for the inspection of all objects of antiquity forwarded to the Council. To these Meetings Members have the pri • introducing their friends.
Persons desirous of becoming Members, or of promoting in any way the objects of the Association, are requested to apply either personally or by letter to the Secretaries; or to the Treasurer, Gordon M. Hills, Esq., 17. Bedcliffe Gardens, Brompton, to whom subscriptions, by Post Office ( >id.r or otherwise, should be transmitted.
The payment of One Guinea annually is required of the Associates, or 1 i \ i.iim as as a Lite Subscription, by which the Subscribers are entitled to a copy of the quarterly Journal as published, and permitted to receive the parts of the Collectanea Arclueologica at a reduced price.
A- are required to pay an entrance fee of One Guinea. The
annual payments are due in advance.
THE CONGRESSES & PRESIDENTS HITHERTO HAVE BEEN
L844 Cantj kbury
1845 \Vl\< Hl.-l I |;
L846 Glou< i:>i er 1*17 Warwick -
1-1- IVn|;i ESI III
1849 Cm 8TER -
Man- ill -i i:i: iV LANCA81 E
1851 Derby
1 B52 N'l w ARE
1 B53 Rot in - mi:
1854 < in pstow -
1855 I -ii. "i Wight
1 856 Bridge \ i eb and Bath 1857 Norwich -
. : [SBURY -
1859 Newbury - Shrew sbi i: v
18C1 Ex i hi:
LoiM) Al.IS. 1). CONYNGHAM, K.C.H., )• F.R.S., E.S.A. (afterwards LORD londesborough.)
J.I1i:y\vood,Esq.,M.P.,F.R.S..E.S.A. Sir Oswald Moseley, Bt., D.C.L. The Dike of Newcastle.
I! vi I'll BERNAL, Esq., M.A.
Earl <>i Perth and Melfort. Earl oi Ai bi marle, F.S.A.
MARQT is OF A.ILESBUR1 .
Earl oi ( Iarnar^ <>n. Beriah Bot] ii ld,Esq.,F.R.S.,F.S.A. Sir Stafford II. Northcote, Bt., .Ml'.. M.A.. C.B.
L862 Leicester - - - John Lee, Esq., LL.D.,F.R.S.,F.S.A.
186:5 Leeds - - - Loiu> Houghton, M.A., D.C.L.
1864 Ipswich ... George Tomline, Esq., M.P.,F.S.A.
1865 Durham ... The Dues <>k Cleveland.
1866 Hastings - The Earl of Chichester.
1867 Ludlow ... Sm 0. II. Rouse Boughton, Bart.
1868 Cirencester - - Earl Bath urst.
1869 St. Alban's - - Loud Lytton.
1870 Hereford - - - Chandos Wren Hoskyns, Esq.,M.P.
( Sir W. Coles Medlycott, Bart.,
" { D.C.L.
1871 Weymouth
Essays relating to the History and Antiquities of these several places will be found in the volumes of the Journal. The Journals already published are sold at the following prices, and may be had of the Treasurer and other officers of the Association :
Vol. I, £2 to the Members.
Vols. II to XXVIf, £1 : 1 to Members ; or £1 : 11 : 6 to the Public.
The special volumes of Transactions of the Congresses held at Winchester and at Gloucester are charged to the Public £1 : 11 : 6 ; to the Members, £1:1:0.
In addition to the Journal, published regularly every quarter, it has been found necessary to publish occasionally another work, entitled Collectanea Archceologica. It embraces papers whose length is too great for a periodical journal, and such as require more extensive illustration than can be given in an octavo form. It is therefore put forth in quarto, uniform with the Archceoloqia of the Society of Antiquaries. Sold to the public at 15s. each part, but may be had by the Associates at 10s. The third part of Vol. II, with title page and index, is now ready. It contains the following subjects :
Cromlechs and other remains in Pembrokeshire. Six plates. By Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson, D.C.L., F.Il.S.
Camps, Roman Roads, and Pavements in Suffolk. By George Vere living.
Fountains Abbey. Twelve plates. By Gordon M. Hills.
Roman Villa at Nennig, Prussia. One plate. By J. W. Grover.
Itinerary of King Edward the First. Part II, 12'J1 to the death of the Monarch. By Rev. Charles Henry Hartshorne, M.A.
1
RULES OF THE ASSOCIATION.
The British Archaeological Association shall consist of patrons, associates, correspondents, and honorary foreign members.
1. The Patrons,2— a class confined to the peers of the United Kingdom,
and nobility.
2. The Associates,— such as shall be approved of, and elected by, the
council; and who, upon the payment of one guinea, as an entrance fee, and a sum of not less than one guinea annually, or ten guineas as a life subscription, shall become entitled to receive a copy of the quarterly Journal, published by the Association, to attend all meetings, vote in the election of officers and Committee, and admit one visitor to each of the public meetings.
;;. The correspondents,— a class embracing all interested in the investigation and preservation of antiquities ; to be qualified only for election on the recommendation of the president or patron, or of two members of the council, or of four associates.
1. The honorary foreign Members shall be confined to illustrious and learned foreigners, who may have distinguished themselves in anti- quarian pursuits.
ADMINISTRATION.
To conduct the affairs of the Association, there shall be annually elected a President, ten3 Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, two Secretaries, and a Secretary for Foreign Correspondence; who, with seventeen other associates, shall constitute the Council. The past Presidents shall be ez-ojicio Vice-Presidents for Life, with the same status and privileges as the elected Vice-Presidents, and take precedence in the order of service.
1 'I'lii- rules, as settled in March 184G, are here reprinted by order of tin- Council. The variations made since that date are introduced and indicated by notes.
Patrons were omitted in 1850 from the list of members, and have since nominated locally lor the Congresses only. • Till 1848 -ix Vice-Presidents, then the number enlarged to eight, and in L864 t" the present number. In 1808 past Presidents made permanent - lit
ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND COUNCIL.
I. The election of officers and council shall be on the second Wednesday1 in May in each year, and be conducted by ballot which shall continue open during one hour. Every associate balloting shall deliver his name to the President, or presiding officer, and afterwards put his list, filled up, into the balloting box. The presiding officer shall nominate two scrutators, who, with one or more of the Secretaries, shall examine the lists, and report thereon to the General Meeting.
OF THE PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS.
1 . The President shall take the chair at all meetings of the Society, lie
shall regulate the discussions, and enforce the laws of the Society.
2. In the absence of the President, the chair will be taken by one of (lie
Vice- Presidents, or some officer or member of Council. :>. The President shall, in addition to his own vote, have a casting vote when the suffrages are ecpual.
OF THE TREASURER.
The Treasurer shall hold the finances of the Society, discharge all debts previously presented to, and approved of by, the Council ; and, having had his accounts audited by two members elected at the annual general meeting, shall lay them before the annual meeting.
OF THE SECRETARIES.
1. The Secretaries shall attend all meetings of the Association, transmit
notices to the members, and read the letters and papers communicated to the Association.
2. The Secretary for Foreign Correspondence shall conduct all business or
correspondence connected with the foreign societies, or members resid- ing abroad.
OF THE COUNCIL.
1 . The Council shall superintend and regulate the proceedings of the Association, and elect the members, whose names are to be read over at the public meetings.
-J. The Council shall meet on the days2 on which the ordinary meetings of the Association are held, or as often as the business of the Association shall require ; and five shall be deemed a sufficient number to transact business.
1 In the earlier years the elections were in March. After 1852, till 186*2, the Annual General Meetings were held in April. Subsecpiently they have been held in May.
- In the earlier years the Council meetings and ordinary meetings were not held in connexion.
. An extraordinary meeting of the Council may be held at any tunc by order of the President, or by a requisition signed by five of its members, stating the purpose thereof, addressed to the Secretaries, who shall isBu< such meeting to every member.
I. The Council .-hall fill up any vacancy that may occur in any of the offices, <>r among its own members.
5 1 he chairman, or his representative, of local committees established in differenl parts of the country, and in connexion with the Association, .-hall, upon election by the Council, be entitled to attend the meetings of the Council an 1 the public meetings.
6. The Council shall submit a report of its proceedings to the annual meeting.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.
1. The Association shall meet on the fourth Wednesday in November, the
md Wednesday in December, the second and fourth Wednesdays in the months from January to May, and the second Wednesday in June, at 8 o'clock in the evening precisely,1 for the purpose of inspecting and conversing upon the various objects of antiquity transmitted to the Association, and such other business as the Council may appoint.
2. An extraordinary general meeting of the Association may at any time be
convened by order of the President, or by a requisition signed by twenty members, stating the object of the proposed meeting, addressed to the Secretaries, who shall issue notices accordingly. •".. A genera] public meeting, or congress, shall be held annually in such town or place in the I'nited Kingdom as shall be considered most advisable by the Council; to which associates, correspondents, and others, shall be admitted by ticket, upon the payment of one guinea, which shall entitle the bearer, and also a lady, to be present at all
n tings, either for the reading of papers, the exhibition of antiquities,
the holding of conversazioni, or the making of excursions to examine any objects of antiquarian inter* st.
1 At first the meetings were more numerous, as many as eighteen meetings being held in the y. arj and the rule as it originally stood, appointed twenty- tour meetings. Up to 1867, the evening meetings were held at half-past eight.
OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR THE SESSION 1871-72.
ihrsitimt.
SIR WILLIAM COLES MEDLYCOTT, Bakt., D.C.L.
Uirc=L5rcsitJcnts.
(Those marked with nn Asterisk are Ex-Offieio Vice-Presidents.) *The Duke op Cleveland, K.G. * Tub Earl Bathurst. *The Earl op Carnarvon.
The Earl op Effingham. *The Loud Houghton, D.C.L. *The Lord Lytton.
*Sir Charles II. Rouse Boughton, Bart. *8ia Oswald Moseley, Bart., D.C.L.
Sir J. Gaelnee Wilkinson, D.C.L., F.R.S.
II. Syer Cuming, F.ii. X.Scot.
John Evans, F.R.S., E.S.A.
George Godwin, F.R.S. , F.S.A. *James Heywood, F.R.S., F.S.A. *Chandos Wren Hoskyns, M.P.
Joseph Mayer, F.S.A., F.R.A.S.
J. R. Plancue, Somerset Herald.
Rev. Prebendary Scarth, M.A.
Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson, M.A., F.S.A. *George Tomline, M.P., F.S.A.
Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A., Mem. List, of France.
{Treasurer. Gori on M. Hills, 17, Redcliffe Gardens, Brompton, S.W.
Secretaries. Edward Levien, M.A., F.S.A., British Museum, W.C. Edward Roberts, F.S.A., 25, Parliament Street, S.W.
Sccrctarg for .foreign (JTorrcspontfcnee. Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A., Mem. Inst, of France.
^alarograuljcr. W. II. Black, F.S.A.
Curator anti librarian. George R. Wright, F.S.A., Junior Athenaeum, Piccadilly, W.
Braugljtsman. G. F. Teniswood, F.S.A., Caton Lodge, Upper Richmond Road,
Putney, S W.
(Council.
John Grey, Q.C
George G. Adams, F.S.A. George Ade. J. W. Baily.
Walter de Gkay Birch. Thomas Blasiiill. Cecil Brent, F.S.A. II. II. Buiinell, F.S.A. William Henry Cope. John H. Foley, R.A.
W. Poole King.
Augustus Goldsmid, F.S.A.
J. W. Grover.
Henry F. Holt.
W. Calder Marshall, R.A.
Rev. S. M. Mayhew, M.A., F.S.A.
Richard N. Philipps, F.S.A.
J. W. Previte.
lututovs.
I C. II. Luxmoore, F.S.A.
-
iSnttol) archaeological association.
LIST OF ASSOCIATES.
1872.
The past Presidents, marked* are permanent Vice-Presidents. The letter L denotes Life Members.
l. The Most Noble the Marquis of Ailesrury, K.G., 78 Pall Mall
Sir William Armstrong, Newcastle-on-Tyne
George G. Adams, Esq., F.S.A., 126 Sloane Street L. George Edmund Adams, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Rouge Dragon, Herald's College, Doctors' Commons
Captain M. Addcrley L. George Ade, Esq., 34 Sussex Gardens, W.
William Adlam, Esq., The Manor House, Chew Magna, Bristol i.. William Aldam, Esq., Frickley Hall, Doncaster L. John Alger, Esq., Sidney
R. H. Allan, Esq., Blackwell, Darlington i . W. E. Allen, Esq. i . W. A. T. Amhurst, Esq., Didlington Park, Brandon, Norfolk
Charles Andrews, Esq., Farnham, Surrey L. .losepli Arden, Esq., F.S.A., 1 Clifford's Inn
Thomas Ashby, Esq., Staines, Middlesex
Edmund Aubertin, Esq., 12 New Cavendish Street
Earl Bathubst, Vice-President* Cirencester L. Lord Batkmax, Carlton Clnb
Rev. Sie Heney Baker, Bart., Monkland, Leominster Sib Mk hael Hicks Beach, Bart., Williamstrop Park, Fairford, Gloucestershire i. Sib Chablee !!. Bouse Boughton, Bart., Vice-President* Down- ton Hall, Ludlow l. Hon. and Rev. George T. Orlando Bridgeman, M.A., The Hall, W i gan Si i: Ham ni.], J. Jones Brydges, Bart., Boultibrooke, Presteign I; b-Admieal Sir George Broke Mi ddleton, Bart., C.B., Shrub- land Park, Ipswich V. .1. Haigent, Esq., Winchester .1. W. I i.iilv. Esq., 71 Gracechurch Street l!<:v. Prebendary T. H. Baker, Preston, Weymouth i. I\ W. luniks, K-<|.. Kido'chourne, Kington
Rev. Principal Barclay, D.D., University, Glasgow i. .1. II. Barclay, Esq., Frogmore, St. Albans
Mi-- Barrow, 8 Chesterfield Street, King's Cross
LIST OF ASSOCIATES. (J
l. John Barrow, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., 17 Hanover-terrace
William Hodgson Barrow, Esq., M.P., 35 Westbourne-terrace
George II. LSaskcomb, Esq., Manor House, Chislehurst
W. H. Bateman, Esq., 90 Cannon Street, E.C.
Thomas Baylis, Esq., Aston Lodge, Thames Bank, Fulham
William Bc'attie, M.D., 13 Upper Berkeley Street
Thomas Belk, Esq., Hartlepool
Kenneth Ffarington Bellairs, Esq., 5 Crown court, Old Broad-street
J. M. Bellew, Esq., Holland Road Gardens, Kensington
L. Richard Bcnyon, Esq., M.P., 17 Grosvenor Square J. B. Bergne', Esq., E.S.A., 21 Thurloe Square
L. George Berry, Esq., The Park, Nottingham
L. Edward L. Betts, Esq., Preston Hall, Kent, and 9 Great George Street W. Bevan, Esq., 8 Cedars-road, Clapham Common Walter de Gray Birch, Esq., British Museum Jacob Birt, Esq., 23 Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park W. H. Black, Esq., F.S.A., Palceographer, Mill Yard, Goodman's
Fields, E. T. W. Blagg, Esq., High-street, St. Alban's Ven. Archdeacon Bland, Durham Rev. Henry Blane, M.A., Eolkton Rectory, Ganton, York
l. Thomas Law Blane, Esq., 25 Dover-street Thomas Blashill, Esq., 10 Old Jewry Chambers J. H. Bly, Esq., Vauxhall, Great Yarmouth F. L. Bodenham, Esq., Castle -street, Hereford J. A. Bone, Esq., 16a Walbrook George Bonnor, Esq., 42 Queen's Gate-terrace, W. Edward Bo wring, Esq., Mole Bank, East Moulsey, Surrey Ambrose P. Boyson, Esq., East Hill, Wandsworth Cecil Brent, Esq., F.S.A., 1 Denmark Villas, Bromley, S.E. John Bravender, Esq., The Nursery, Cirencester Thomas Brewer, Esq., City of London School Thomas Brigstocke, Esq.
E. P. Loftus Brock, Esq., 37 Bedford-place, Russell-square Wm. R. Brodie, Esq., Langton Maltravers, Swanage
L. A. M. Brown, Esq., 269 Camden-road, N. Henry Brownrigg, Esq.
Thomas N. Brushfield, M.D., Asylum, Brookwood, Woking, Surrey Thomas Brushfield, Esq., 5 Church -street, Spitalfields Rev. A. H. Bull, Cerne Abbas, Dorset
Thomas G. Bullen, Esq., Barge Yard Chambers, Bueklorsbury Rev. James Bulwer, M.A., Hunworth Rectory, Thetford H. M. Bunbury, Esq., Marlston House, Newbury John Burbridge, Esq., 8 Clifton-road East, St. John's Wood Alfred Burgess, Esq., F.S.A., 7 Dartmouth-row, Blackheath Hartley W. Burgess, Esq., 16 Walbrook William Burgess, Esq., Shenfield House, Brentwood, Essex Henry H. Burnell, Esq., F.S.A., Cheyne Walk, Chelsea Captain F. J. Butts, The Salterns, Parkstone, Dorset Henry Buxton, Esq., Mount House, South Bank, Notting-hill, W.
His Grace the Duke of Cleveland, K.G., Vice-President* Raby Castle
In LIST i>F ASSOCIATES.
The Eabi of Cabnabvon; Vice-President* Highclere, Hants
Lord 'I - Clinton, 13 Marlborongh-hill, St. John's Wood
Rkv. Sib George II. Coenbwall, Bart., Moccas, Hereford
- John Babpeb Cbbwb, Babt., Oalke Abbey, Derbyshire
Sib P. Staffobd Cabet, Guernsey l. Benjamin Bond Cabbell, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., 1 Brick Court, Temple
William Cann, Esq., Exeter
I >rge A. Cape, Esq., 8 Old Jewry
John Cape, Esq.
Captain Walter Talk Carew
C. H. E. Carmickael, Esq., M.A., F.A.S.L., New University Club, St. James's- street, S.W.
Rev. Joseph Castley, Stonham Rectory, Suffolk
J. H. Challis, Esq., Reform Club
Thomas Chapman, Esq., 43 Brompton- crescent
Edwin Clarke, Esq., Ludlow
R. J. Clarke, Esq., Hull Library
Col. Edward Give, Perristone, Ross
Thomas Close, Esq., F.S.A., Nottingham
J. C. Cobbold, Esq., M.P., Ipswich
Andreas Edward Cockayne, Esq., Congleton, Cheshire
William Cockeram, Esq., 50 South-street, Dorchester
T. H. Cole, Esq., M.A., 1 Linton-terrace, Hastings L. Thomas Colfox, Esq., Bridport
J. Kyrle Collins, Esq., Weir End, Ross
William Collins, M.D., 1 Albert-terrace, Regent's Park
Arthur Cope, Esq., 58 Euston Square
William Henry Cope, Esq., 12 Gloucester-road, Regent's Park
Walter Copinger, Esq.
P. Corrance, Esq., Parham Hall, Suffolk r.. Fred. W. Cosens, Esq., Thornton-road, Clapham Park l. Henry Perry Cotton, Esq., Quex Park, Isle of Thanet
J. Ross Coulthart, Esq., Croft House, Ashton-under-Lyne
Hon. H. F. Cowper, M.P., 4 St. James's-square
Jeremiah Crafter, Esq., 9 Alfred-place, North Brixton
Rev. Samuel Francis Creswell, B.D., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., Principal of the High School, Dublin
G. R. Crickmay, Esq., St. Thomas-street, Weymouth
T. F. Dillon Croker, Esq., F.S.A., 9 Pelham-place, Brompton
W. Crook, Esq.
James Crossley, Esq., F.S.A., 2 Cavendish-place, Chorlton-on- Medlock, Manchester i. Frederick W. 11. Cnlley, I'sq., Strumpshaw, near Norwich
J I. Syer Cuming, Esq., F. S.A.Scot., Vice-President, G3 Kennington Park-road
Rev. Alfred H. Cumming, Vicar of Cury and Gunwalloe, 1 1 1 1st one L. Charles Curie, Esq., The Avenue, Ravenscourt Park, Hammer- smith
Tin: I. DuciE, F.R.S., 16 Portman-sqnare
LIST OF ASSOCIATES. 11
L. The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Durham, Bishop Auckland, Durham Lady Dillon, 37 Tregunter-road, The Boltons, Brompton Samuel Whitfield Daukes, Esq., 7 Whitehall Place Rev. James Davies, Moor Court, Kington Hillary Davies, Esq., Shrewsbury
Charles Edward Davies, Esq., E.S.A., 55 Pulteney-street, Bath Edward Conduitt Dermer, Esq., 3 Cambrian Villas, Richmond,
Surrey G. Wingfield Digby, Esq., Sherborne Castle, Dorset Henry Durden, Esq., Blandford, Dorset
The Earl of Effingham, Vice-President, 57 Eaton-place
James Edmonds, Esq., 67 Baker-street, Portman-square
G. E. Eliot, Esq., Belvedere, Weymouth
R. G. Ellery, Esq., care of Hon. Mrs. De Courcy, Totnes, Devon L. C. A. Elliott, Esq., Elm Villa, Broadwater, Worthing
Charles Robert Essex, Esq. L. William Euing, Esq., F.R.S., F. S.A.Scot., Brandon-place, 209 West George- street, Glasgow
John Evans, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Vice-Prcsident,Keme\ Hempstead
Thomas Falconer, Esq., Usk L. James Farrer, Esq., Ingleborough, Lancaster L. Robert Ferguson, Esq., Morton, Carlisle
Rev. Thomas Finch, B.A., Morpeth
Robert Fitch, Esq., F.S.A., Norwich
J. P. Fitzgerald, Esq.
John H. Foley, Esq., R.A., 10 Osnaburgh- street L. Right Hon. William Edward Forster, M.P., Burley, near Otley
Henry Foster, Esq., Shenfield, Brentwood, Essex
Miss Fothergill, Hensol Castle, near Cowbridge, Glamorgan L. Patrick Allen Fraser, Esq., Hospital Field, Arbroath, KB.
Dr. Frodsham, Streatham
J. E. Gardner, Esq., 453 West Strand; Park House, St. John's
Wood Park, N.W. Mrs. Gibbs, 2 St. John's-place, Abbey-road, N.W. Rev. A. Gibson, Chedworth, Cirencester
William Goddard, Esq., Goldenhill House, Longton, Staffordshire G. Godwin, Esq., F.R.S.. F.S.A., Vice-President, 24 Alexander- square, Brompton Henry Godwin, Esq., F.S.A., Speen-hill, Newbury Robert Golding, Esq., Hun ton, near Maidstone, Kent Augustus Goldsmid, Esq., F.S.A., 19 Ryder-street, St. James's Mrs. George Gow, Shrophatn Vicarage, Thetford John Gray, Esq., Q.C., 4 Gloucester-crescent, Regent's Park C. Dymoke Green, Esq. L. Thomas Greenhalgh, Esq., Astley Bank, Bolton
J. B. Greenshields, Esq., Kerse, Lesmahago, Lanarkshire
E. Grimwade, Esq., Henley-i'oad, Ipswich
J. W. Grover, Esq., 9 Victoria Chambers, Victoria-street
L2 LIST OF ASSOCIATES.
Thomas Grunston, Esq., 84 Upper-street, Islington i. Daniel Grurni . [., F.S.A., North Runcton, Norfolk l, John Henry Grurney, Esq., Marldon, Totncs
Lord Hi . M.A., D.C.L., Vice-President,* Pryston Hall,
Ferrybridge, Yorkshire Spencer Hall, Esq., for Athenesum Club Charles E. Hammond, Esq., Newmarket
Rol lit Hannah, Esq., Craven House, Church-street, Fulham-road John Harker, M.D., Bang-street, Lancaster L. William Harrison, Esq., F.S.A., F.G.S., F.R.S., Antiq. du Nord,
Salmesbary Hall, Preston, Lancashire ; Conservative Club,
St. James's j R.T.Y.C., Albeniarle-street Matthew Harpley, Esq., Royal Horse Guards Blue, Windsor C. Hart, Esq., Harborne Hall, Birmingham Captain Hartopp
John Haslam, Esq., 65 Great Russell-street, W.C. John de Havilland, Esq., York Herald, College of Arms, Doctors'
Commons George Hawkins, Esq., 88 Bishopsgate-street "Without Robert Bryce Hay, Esq., Rev. W. Heather, D.D., Dilwyn, Leominster Henry W. Henfrey, Esq., 15 Eaton-place, Brighton Sidney John Hervon Herrtage, Esq. L. James Heywood, Esq., F.R.S., F.S. A., Vice President,* 2G Palace- gardens, Kensington mnel Heywood, Esq., 171 Stanhope-street, Hampstead-road Frederick D. Hibbert, Esq., Buekwell Manor House, Bicester,
Ox on Captain Graham H. Hills, R.N., 4 Bentlcy-road, Princes-park,
Liverpool Octavius L. Ilill^. Esq., 30 Great James-street, Bedford-row Gordon M. Hills. Esq., Trt a surer, 17 Redcliffe-gardens, Brompton Douglas P. Hindley, Esq. Predk. Hindmarsh, Esq., K.B.G.S, F.G.S., 4 New Inn, Strand,
and Townshend House, Barkway, Herts Rev. J. i '. Hodgson, Staindrop, Durham R. J. Holford, Esq., M.P., Lasborough Park, Wooton-nnder-Edge,
Gloucestershire Henry P. Holt, Esq. ) a ■xr. , , r(, , „ ,
Walter Lockkart Holt, Esq./6 Kings-road, Clapham Park
W. S. Horner, Esq., 7 Aldgate
' !aptain Hun-ex
Richard Horsiall, Esq., Waterhouse -street, Halifax
Chandos Wren Hoskyns, Esq., M.P., Vice-President* Harewood, i;
Thomas Henry Hovenden, Esq., 181 Bishopsgate-street Without
John M. Howard, Esq., 6 Pump Court, Temp
H( nry M. Hozier, Esq. L. Jarai Bughes, Esq., 328 Camden-ro '• Thomas Hugh . Esq., P.S.A., J Grove- terrace, Chester
W. P. Jl,, . i . I , . ;,.|,
v..id Huuter, Esq., The Glebe, Lee, Blackheath
LIST OF ASSOCIATES. 13
J. T. Irvine, Esq., Coombe Down, Bath
L. Rev. J. E. Jackson, M.A., F.S.A., Leigh Delamere, Chippenham Thomas Jackson, Esq., M.D., Arbenie Lodge, Leamington Rev. William Jackson, M.A., F.S.A., St. Giles's, Oxford L. Rev. Thomas James, Netherthong Parsonage, Huddei*sfield L. Lewis Wincop Jarvis, Esq., Middleton Tower, near King's Lynn Rev. Canon Jebb, D.D., Peterstow, Ross Robert Jennings, Esq., East Park-terrace, Southampton Llewellyn Jewitt, Esq., F.S.A., The Hall, Winster, Matlock Mrs. Jobbins, Warwick-court, Holborn John Johnstone, Esq. Newcastle-on-Tyne
Morris Charles Jones, Esq., 20 Abercromby square, Liverpool John Jones, Esq., 95 Piccadilly Mr. Joseph Jones, Broad-street, Hereford Mr. Judson, Sion House, Isleworth
Thomas Dod Keighlev, Esq., 12 Quadrant-road, Highbury New Park, N".
Rev. Edmund Kell, M.A., F.S.A., Portswood Lawn, Southampton
Robert Kell, Esq., Bradford, Yorkshire
F. R. Kempson, Esq., Castle-street, Hereford
James Kendrick, M.D., Warrington, Lancashire
Thos. Kerslake, Esq., 3 West Park, Bristol
Mrs. Alexander Kerr, Messrs. Gleclstanes and Co., 26 Austin Friars
H. Kettle, Esq., 6 Champion-place, Coldhai'bour-lane, Camberwell L. Theodoi'e Kirchhofer, Esq., 12 Kronprinz-strasse, Stuttgart
William Poole King, Esq., Avonside, Clifton Down, Bristol L. John Knight, Esq., Henley Hall, Ludlow
W. H. Knight, Esq., Cheltenham
l. Lord Londesborough, Grimston Park, Tadcaster
L, Lord Lytton, Vice-President* Knebworth, Stevenage
Lord George Gordon Lennox, M.P., 50 Portland -place
John Turk Lacey, Esq., Salford Villa, Peckham L. George Lambert, Esq., 10 Coventry-street L. Colonel Henry Lane, Broadoak, Bexhill, Sussex l. Robert Lang, Esq., Hallen Lodge, Henbury, Bristol
William Langton, Esq., Manchester
X. W. Lavers, Esq., Surbiton
John Leach, Esq., High-street, Wisbech l. Mrs. Le Feuvre, Bevois Mount House, Southampton
J. H. Le Keux, Esq., 61 Sadler- street, Durham
Edward Levien, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Hon. Sec; British Museum and 21 Camden-street, N.W.
Rev. Thomas B. Levy, M.A., Knight's Euhaui Rectory, near And- ovcr
Libraiy of the Corporation of Loudon, Guildhall
Dr. Lloyd, 57 Margaret-street, Cavendish -square
Edwin Lloyd, Esq., Leominster
Charles Lockhart, Esq., St. Mary Bourne, Andover
Jeremiah Long, Esq., 13 Park-street, Westminster
14 LIST OF ASSOCIATES.
William Long, Esq., M.A., West Hay, Wrington, Bristol
S. II. Louttit, Esq., 11" Cannon-street, E.C.
I: bard Grove Lowe, Esq., St. Peter's-street, St. Alban's
Charles Edward Lucas, Esq., Meldreth Cottage, Green-lanes, Stoke
ington I tptain Lucas, Eelthani House, Moulsey
Ri v. \\ . Collinge Lukis, M.A.. I'.S.A., Wath Rectory, near Ripon I ryndon H. Luzmoore, Esq., E.S.A., 18 St. John's Wood Park C. Lynam, Esq., Stoke-npon-Trent
L. Sir William Martixs, 3 Hyde Park Gardens
Sir William Coles Medlycott, Bart., D.C.L., President, Yen House, Sherborne, Dorset
Per. John McCaul, L.L.D., President of the University, Toronto; care of Mr. Allen, 12 Tavistock-row, Covent Garden
Stuart Macnaghton, Esq., Bittern Manor, near Southampton
Arthur Marshall, Esq., Headingley, Leeds
W. <;. Marshall, Esq., Colney Hatch
James Garth Marshall, Esq., M.A., Headingley, Leeds L. William Calder Marshall, Esq., R.A., 115 Ebury-street
Joseph Mayer, Esq., E.S.A., 68 Lord-street, Liverpool, Vice-President
Rev. Samuel Martin Mayhew, M.A., F.S.A., E.P.G.S., 158 New Kent-road
James Matthew, Esq., 27 York-terrace, Regent's Park
Rev. Suffield F. Maynard, B.A., New Chapel, Horw ich, Bolton-le- Moors l. Mrs. Merriman, Tottenham
Alfred Mew, Esq.
.lames Milligan, jun., Esq., 30 North John-street, Liverpool
Lev. Thomas Mills, M.A., Stutton Rectory, Suffolk i.. Rev. John Milner, Beech Hurst, Cuckfield
Henry L. Mitchell, Esq., 5 Great Prescott-street, Whitechapel
George Moore, Esq., M.D., Hartlepool
John Moore, Esq., West Coker, Yeovil i . .1. Bramley Moore, Esq., Langley Lodge, Gerard's Cross
Thomas Morgan, Esq., 38 Trinity-square, Tower Hill
!:• .. G. K. Morrell, D.C.L., Moulsford Vicarage, Wallingford
Richard Moss, Esq., 6 Queen's-road, Clapham Park
.1. T. Mould, Esq., 1 Onslow-crescent
Richard Mullings, Esq., Stratton, near Cirencester l. James Murton, Esq., Silverdale, near Carnforth
•I. I). Thomas Niblett, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Staniforth, Gloucester John Nicholl, Esq., I'.S.A., Canonbury-place, Islington T. S. Noble, Esq., Yorkshire Philosophical Society, York George Ward Norman, Esq., Bromley, Kent
I Gore Ousblby, Bart., St. Michael's, Tenbury I aptain George Oakes, 13 Durham-terrace, Westhourne Park
LIST OF ASSOCIATES. 15
Arthur O'Connor, Esq., 4 Berners-strect, Oxford-street
Lionel Oliver, Esq., 23 Fitzroy-square
G. Ormerod, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., Sedbury Park, Chepstow
l. The Earl Powis, 45 Berkeley-square
Thomas Page, Esq., C.E.
Greville H. Palmer, Esq., Magdalen College, Oxford
Silas Palmer, M.D., F.S.A., London-road, Newbury
Geoi'ge Patrick, Esq., 8 Burnley-road, Stock well
Peabody Institute, Baltimore, U.S. ; care of Mr. C. G. Allen, 12 Tavistock-row, Covent Garden
Charles Pearce, Esq., 49 Wimpole-strcet, Cavendish -square
Frederick Peck, Esq., 35 Gordon-square L. Henry W. Peek, Esq., M.P., Wimbledon House, S.W. L. Rev. Thomas W. Peile, D.D., 37 St. John's Wood Park l. P. L. Pemberton, Esq., The Barnes, Sunderland
Rev. Samuel T. Pettigrew, M.A.
William Frederick Pettigrew, Esq.
William V. Pettigrew, M.D.
John S. Phene, Esq., F.S.A., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., 32 Oakley-street, S.W.
Richard N. Philipps, Esq., LL.B., F.S.A., 2 Mitre Court, Temple L. Mark Philips, Esq., Snitterfield, Stratford-on-Avon ; Brooks's Club,
St. James's l. James 0. Phillipps, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., 11 Tregunter-road, The Boltons, Brompton
Rev. W. H. Phillott, Stanton-on-Wye, Hereford
R. M. Phipson, Esq., F.S.A., Norwich l. Frederick R. Pickersgill, Esq., R.A., Park House, East Moulsey
Charles Pidgeon, Esq., Reading
Henry Clark Pidgeon, Esq., 10 St. Leonard's-terrace, Maida Hill
J. Piggott, Esq., F.S.A., The Elms, Ulting, Maldon, Essex L. James Robinson Planche, Esq. [Somerset Herald), Vice-President, College of Arms
E. S. Chandos Pole, Esq., Radbourne Hall, Derby shire Rev. W. Poole, Hentland, Ross, Herefordshire Alfred Pope, Esq., Dorchester
William Powell, Esq., A.R.I.B.A., 16a Wallbrook
Mrs. Prest, Hyndford House, 239 Brompton-road
Joseph W. Previte, Esq., 32 Addison Gardens North, Nottiug Hill
Rev. Hugh Prichard, Dinam, Caerwen, Anglesey
F. R. Wegg Prosser, Esq., Belmont, Hereford Robert Pry or, Esq., High Elms, Watford
l. Right Hon. the Marquis op Ripon, 1 Carlton-gai-dens
Lord Ravensworth, Ravensworth Castle, Gateshead l. Baron Mayer Amabel de Rothschild, Mentmore, Bucks (Messrs.
Boone, 29 Bond -street) l. John Rae, Esq., 9 Mincing Lane
James Rankin, Esq., Bryngwyn, Hereford
S. Rayson, Esq., 32 Sackville-street, W.
Thomas Redman, Esq.
Chas. Reed, Esq., M.P., Earlsmead, Upper Homerton
1G LIST OF ASSOCIATES.
J. s. c. Renneck, Esq., Granville-place, Blackheath
l. Thomas Richards, Esq., 12 Addison -crescent, Kensington I harli a Richardson, Esq., Warwick House, Shepherd's Bush
i. Rev. James Ridgway, M.A., F.S.A., The College, Culham, Oxon Henrj Thomas Riley, Esq., M.A., 31 St. Peters-square, Hammer- ith
i. Edward Roberts, Esq., F.S.A., Hon. Sec, 2~> 1 'a rliament -street Rev. C. .1. Robinson, Norton Canon, Leorainst John Rocke, Esq., Clnngunford Bouse, Aston-on-Clun, Shropshire
:. i baries Fox Roe, Esq., Litchurch, Derby M. Charles Roessler, 7 Place de l'Hotel de Yille, Havre John Bellas Rogers, Esq., 40 .1 en inn-street Henry Cooper Rose, M.D., High-street, Hampstead Charles I!.n»ke, M.D., Bellevue Cottage, Scarborough William Foster Rooke, M.D., Belvedere House, Scarborough Jesse Watts Russell, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., Islam Hall, Ash- bourne
Tin: Ven. Lord Sate and Sele, Hereford l. Sir David Salomons, Bart., M.P., 26 Great Cumberland-place
Sib Tins Salt, Bart., Crowness, Halifax
Charles U. Savory, Esq., Lancaster-terrace, Upper Hyde Park I rardens
Douglas Savory, Esq., Southampton
Rev. Prebendary Scarth, M.A., Vice-President, Wrington, Bath
Samuel Shaw, Esq., Andover
Thomas George Sheldon, Esq., Congleton, Cheshire
Thomas Sherratt, Esq., 10 Basinghall-street
Arthur Shute, Ksq., 1 Rumford-place, Liverpool
William Thrale Sich, Esq., Chiswick
J. R. Smith, Esq., 3G Soho Square
Mrs. Reginald Smith, Stafford Rectory, Dorchester
Th-. Sydney Smith, Esq., Tador House, Southfield, Wandsworth
Mrs. S..theby (care of E. Hodge, Esq., 13 Wellington-street, Strand) l. Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson, M.A., F.S.A., Vice-President, 119
Bennington Park-road l. James Frederick Spurr, Esq., 30 Queen-street, Scarborough
Rev. Thomas Stacey, Old Castle, Bridgend
.1. Sp< acer Stanhope, Esq., Canon Hall, near Barnsley
George Robert Stephenson, Esq., 2-1 Great George-street
Isaac Henry Stevens, Esq., Hollybank, Nbrmanton, Derby
1 »epb Stevens, Esq., St. Mary Bourne, Hants
l>r. Stocker, Grove House, Bow
.!. F. Symonds, Esq., Broomy I fill, Hereford
Henry J. F. Swayne, Esq., The Island, Wilton, near Salisbury
William Tite, M.P., F.R.S., F.S.A., 42 Lowndes-square Benjamin Tabberer, Esq., Hi Basinghall-street, E.C. Rol ■ ri Ti mpl . Esq., Chief Justice, The .Mauritius '•• Jw»< ' Templer, Esq., Lindridge, near Teignmouth
LIST OF ASSOCIATES. 17
George F. Teniswood, Esq., F.S.A., Draughtsman, Caton Lodge,
Upper Richmond-road, Putney Arthur Thompson, Esq., St. Nicholas-square, Hereford T. C. Thompson, Esq., Sherburn Hall, Durham; and 42 Belsize
Park William Thompson, Esq., Gloucester-road, Weymouth F. H. Thorne, Esq., Lee-road, Lee, Kent John Timbs, Esq.
John Tizard, Esq., Victoria-terrace, Weymouth George Tomline, Esq., M.P., F.S.A., Vice-President* 4 Carlton-
terrace George Tuck, Esq., Post Office, Bloomsbury Charles Henry Turner, Esq., Exeter John Turner, Esq., 15a Wilton-street
The Earl of Verulam, Gorhamhury, St. Alban's Laurence Vanderpant, Esq., 25 High-street, Clapham John Lingard Vaughan, Esq., Heaton Norris, Stockport
l. Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Winchester, D.D., F.R.S., F.S.A.
Farnham Castle, Surrey The Earl of Warwick, Warwick Castle l. Sir Edward Walker, Bury Hill, Mansfield
Sir J. Gardner Wilkinson, D.C.L., F.R.S., Vice-President, Bryn-
field House, Reynoldston, Glamorgan Sir Albert Woods, F.S.A., Garter King at Arms, Herald's College Henry T. Wace, Esq., F.S.A., Shrewsbury
F. A. Waite, Esq., F.S.A., 3 Gordon-place, Tavistock -square Thos. Walcot, Esq. (for Army and Navy Club), St. James's-square Rev. E. Walford, Hampstead
J. Severn Walker, Esq., Stuarts Lodge, Malvern Wells
Joshua Walker, jun., Esq.
Alfred Wallis, Esq., 41 South Parade, Derby
John Walter, Esq., M.A., 40 Upper Grosvenor-street
E. M. Ward, Esq., R.A., 1 Kent Villas, Lansdowne-road, Notting
Hill Vcn. Archdeacon Waring, Hereford
Charles Warne, Esq., F.S.A., 45 Brunswick-road, Brighton Rev. Francis Warre, Bere Regis, Dorset Mr. Joseph Warren, Ixworth Dr. John Watson, 6 Southampton-street, Bloomsbury
G. B. Welsford, Esq., Weymouth Henry Algernon West, Esq.
Nathaniel Herbert J. Westlake, Esq., Gothic House, Canterbury -
road, Notting Hill Charles Fenton Whiting, Esq., 9 Maida-hill West ; Beaufort House,
Strand John Whitmore, Esq., 124 Sloane-street
3
LIST OF ASSOCIATES.
John Wimble, Esq., 2 Walbrook
.1. lm Wimbridge, Ee .. Cliff Villa, Coventry-road, Warwick rlea Winn. Esq., Nbstel Priory, near Wakefield
William Wilding, Esq., Montgomery i Richard Wood, Esq., Clairville, Whalley Range, Manchester i. Richard Henry Wood, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., Crumpsall, Man-
chest< i' <;„, _. Woodhou8e, Esq., 8 Chesham- place, Brighton Woollam, Esq., St. Alban's i.. (i. R. Wright, Esq.. F.S.A., Curator & Librarian, Junior Athenteum i.. Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S./Y., Corresponding Member of the • France, Vice-President, and Secretary for Foreign Correspondence, 14 Sydney-street, Brompton Rev. C. F. Wyatt, M.A., Broughton Piectory, Banbury .In.sq-li S. Wyon, Esq., 287 Regent-street
i.. Sis I rRACB the Lord Archbishop of York, Bishopthorpe l. Richard Yates, Esq., E.S.A., Beddington, Surrey William Yewd, Esq., 12 Serjeants' Inn
l. Alexander Zanzi, Esq., 12 Brompton-crescent
LIST OF ASSOCIATES. 1 9
Local Members of tlje Council,
Berkshire Silas Palmer, M.D., F.S.A., Newbury
Derbyshire Isaac Henry Stephens, Esq., Derby
Gloucestershire .. Richard Mullings, Esq., Cirencester
Hants llev. E. Kell, M.A., F.S.A., Southampton
Hertfordshire ... Richard Grove Lowe, Esq., St. Albans
(Joseph Mayer, Esq., F/S.A., Liverpool, Vice-
Lancashire < President
(James Kendrick, M.D., Warrington
Oxfordshire Rev. James Ridgway, M.A., F.S.A., Culham
Somersetshire C. E. Davis, Esq., F.S.A., Bath
Surrey T.N. Brushfield, Esq., Asylum, Brookwood, Woking
Yorkshire Rev. W. C. Lukis, M.A., F.S.A., Wath Rectory,
Ripon
Scotland William Euing, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A.Scot., Glasgow
Publications exchanged ivith
The Society of Antiquaries, Somerset House, London.
The Society of Antiquaries, Royal Institution, Prince's Street, Edinburgh
The Royal Archaeological Institute, 16 New Burlington Street.
The Cambrian Archaeological Association, 37 Great Queen Street.
The Royal Dublin Society, Kildare Street, Dublin.
The Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland.— Rev. J.
Graves, Innisnag, Stoneyford, Kilkenny. The Somersetshire Society of Antiquaries, Taunton. The Sussex Archaeological Society.— Care of H. Campkin, Esq.. Reform
Club.
20 LIST OF ASSOCIATES.
JFom'gn Members.
Monsieur Maurice Ardant, Limoges
Professor Joseph Arneth, Vienna
Don Joaquin Maria Hover, Minorca
Signor Gaetano Cara, Cagliari
Monsieur de Caumont, Hon. F.S.A., Caen
Professor Carrara, Spalatra
Monsieur Poncin Cassaquay, Seraing-sur-Meuse, near Liege
l.'Al.lie Cochef, Hon. F.S.A., Rouen
Monsieur Coste, Marseille
Le Vicomte de Courval, au Chateau de Pinon, near Chavignon
Monsieur Dassy. Marseille
Monsieur d'Avezac, Rue du Bac, No. 38, Paris
Monsieur Leopold Delisle, Hon. F.S.A., Paris
Monsieur Antoine Durand, Calais
Don Antonio Delgado, Madrid
Monsieur Dubosc, St.-Lo, Normandy
Monsieur Gustave Dupont, Caen
Monsieur Lecointre-Dupont, Hon. F.S.A., Poitiers
Monsieur Benjamin Fillon, Fontenay-le-Comte
Monsieur H. de Formaville, Caen
Monsieur Guizot, Bon. F.S.A., le Val Richer, Normandy
Herr Habel, Schierstein, Biberich
Monsieur Alexandre Hennand, St.-Omer
Monsieur Achille Jubinal, Paris
Professor Klein, Mentz
Doctor Bernhard Kbhne, Berlin
Monsieur Edouard Lambert, Bayeux
Monsieur Albert Lenoir, Paris
Monsieur George Maneel, Caen
Monsieur du Meril, Passy-lez-Paris
Monsieur A. Reichensperger, 'Treves
Monsieur Ad. Richard, Montpellier
The Canon Giovanni Spano, Cagliari
E. G. Squier, Esq., Hon. K.S.A., New York
Counseller Thomsen, Hon. F.S.A., Copenhagen
I >r. < n Vassallo, Malta
Berr J. J. "Worsaae. Hon. F.S.A., Copenhagen
Giles Fulda Yates, Esq., Albany, New York
THE JOURNAL
OF THE
BrittsI) Slrrijacolocjical Association*
MARCH, 1S72.
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE HUNDRED AND TITHING OF ENGLISH LAW.
BV THE REV. WILLIAM BAHNES, B.D.
It has been set clown and taught in our school-books that England was divided into hundreds and tithings by King Alfred ; and a ground for such an opinion is, indeed, given by Blackstone in his Commentaries. In book iv, c. 33, he speaks of the new modelling of the constitution as a great work of Alfred, and says that he effected it by reducing the whole kingdom under one regular and gradual subordination of government, wherein each man was answerable to his immediate superior for his own conduct and that of his nearest neighbours ; for to him we owe that master-piece of judicial policy, the subdivision of England into tithings and hundreds, if not into counties. I do not know in any Saxon- English laws or writings any good ground for this opinion, while the laws and writings of our English forefathers and of other Saxon tribes, and of the Welsh, and even the Romans, would betoken that some such out-sharings of men or home- steads were known to the law for war and the safe custody of men's life and belongings, before the good King Alfred wielded so wisely and righteously the kingship of England ; though we might believe that lie righted any wrongs that the changes of time had left in the hundreds as land-shares, or in the working of them for the ends of justice ; and the laws and land-shares of Wales would go to show that the hundred was an institution of the old Britons. If King
1872 4 °
22 ORIGIN OF THE BUNDRED
Alfred, or Ina, or any other Saxon-English king, whose code is .Mine down to us, had out-marked the hundreds or set up the freeborough (fr< oburh) which belonged to them, so great hange in the matters of warfare and justice would most likely have been enacted, as it is not, by some one of his laws', and the law would still show the work of the great lawgiver in its very words. The hundred and freeborough are named in the Saxon-English laws as things already known to law-bound men ; and so speaks of them a law of Bang Athelstan, who took his kingdom only twenty-four years after the death of Alfred ; and so speaks of the hun- dred an Anglo-Saxon law-form which bears in its wording the -tamp of a very early time of Saxon-English law.
The word " hundred" (centuria) might sometimes be found as meaning a hundred men, though by such men the word would have, at first, meant a hundred landholders ; for the hundred was pretty clearly at first what its na,mel(cantref) in Welsh means, an out-sharing of a hundred (cant) home- Bteads (trefydd) or land-ownerships, for the ends of land- warding and law. Tacitus says that the Germani had, in war, a body of men of whom a hundred were taken out of every pa<7Ms(?hundred),and (cap.ll)that they met in councils (hundredes gemote) once a month, and that in such a council they chose a head man over the pagus, such as was the '■ hundredes ealdor," or headborough of our old hundreds. My. ELemble says that from the first we find the inhabitants of the mark (mearc) classed in tens and hundreds, — our tithings and hundreds, — and he quotes the laws of theFranks as owning the decanus (tithingman) and centuarius (hun- dredes ealdor). So we have traces of the hundred in the early laws of Kome, in thecenturia and the centurio (centu- rion). The centuria would match with our hundred, and the won I would match with the Celtic cantwyr, the hundred men ; while the centurio would, at first, have beeu the " hun- dredes ealdor ' of our forefathers.
Then, again, there is good ground for the belief that the Britons had formed hundreds, and even many of our hun- dreds, long before our English forefathers, and much longer before Alfred made any laws at all. One of the Welsh Triads of the Isle of Britain gives the overflooding by the ml't sea, in the time of Seithenin (about the year 500), of the Cantref y Gwaelod, or Lowland Hundred, where now is
AND TITHING OF ENGLISH LAW. 23
Cardigan Bay, in which may yet be seen, at low water, two sea-walls of stone, one of which (Sarn Badrig) runs, as it is said, about twenty miles into the sea. The overflooding of this hundred is the matter of a poem by Talicssin, who, as we are told, was a bard of Elphin, lord of Cantref Gwaelod ; and who, as is known, wrote long before the time of King Alfred. It is true that the word cantref is not welded into the poem ; but the heading of the poem, which we may believe is of the time of the poem, is " Caniad pan aeth y mor dros y Cantref Gwaelod'' (A song when the sea came over the Lowland Hundred). It has been put to my mind that Da vies, in his British Mythology, has proved that the overflooding of the Cantref y Gwaelod is a puerile distortion of the flood of Noah, who is meant by the name Seithcnin. It is, indeed, a distortion of the flood to make it only the overflooding of a cantref in Wales ; and a distortion of the Bible history of Noah to make him to have been a Welsh waterman or sluice-keeper, and to have himself brought in the flood. And if the name of Seithenin be from saith (seven), it does not very well befit the eighth person saved in the ark ; nor do the ten Welsh irefydd quite tally with the cities of the plain. If, however, the heading of the poem of Taliessin is as old as is the poem itself, it shows us that the cantref was known in Wales in his time, the fifth cen- tury.
Then in the time of Hoel Dda (the tenth century at the latest), the hundred (cantref) was known as such to Welsh law, and was built up of the following under-shares : four erw (ploughland),one tyddyn, — erw from aru, to plough. The erw was a very old land-share, and was sixteen rods (hir- jau) long and two broad. A tyddyn seems to have been at first one son's holding : — four tyddyn one gafael (holding or householding), four gafael one tref (homestead, home), as is shown by the word adref (at home), i dref (to home) ; four tref one true maenor (stone boundary), from maen (a stone), gor (a rim or boundary), whence our manor. But there Avere sometimes seven tref in a maenor-froi (Lowland manor) and thirteen tref in a maenor withdir (High or heath-land); twelve maenor and two tref (12 x 4 = 48 and 2 = 50 trefydd) in one cwmmivd, and two cwmmivd make one cantref; for the law says, " Sef yw hynny, o erif pum eugantref, a hynny y w y cantref yn jawn,"— ■■" so this (the two cwmmivd) is of
24 ORIGIN OF THE HUNDRED
the number one hundred, and this is the just cantref" Pen- tn f(head tref) now often means in Welsh a village, though /' itrefmighi have meant, at first, the head tref of the can- tref (hundred) where the court was holden.
Since the Lowland maenor had seven, and the highland maenor had thirteen trefydd, and so neither of them was of the true tale of four trefydd, it would seem that the can- trefydd must have been of earlier out-sharing than of the time of Hoel Dda. The four headings or prefaces to four '•'diet's would forbid us, as far as they are trustworthy, to hold that Hoel out-shared Wales into cantref /dd, for one of them is, " Hywel Dda, son of Cadell, king of Cymru, made, through the grace of God and fasting and prayer, these laws, as Wales (Cymru) belonged to him in its boundaries, and not otherwise : sixty-four cantref in South Wales (Deheub- arth), eighteen cantref in Gwynedd (North Wales), sixty tref in Traehyrchell, and sixty tref in Buellt," now a township in Brecknock. Traehyrchell would mean Beyond ring or bounds, from tra (beyond) and cyrcliell (ring, rim, or bound); and it might have been so called, as odd y trefydd (out of the cantref. The headings to two other codices say that Hoel called to his council six men out of every cantref; and they would show, as far as they are trustworthy, that the cantrefydd were already formed at the time of the council.
The cantref shows itself in the writings of the middle ages, and is found in theMabinogion, as in the tale of "Math, the Son of Mathonwy," and in the tale of " Manawyddan, the Son of Llyr," in which we read of seven cantrefydd, with the words, "Nyt oes seith cantref well noc wy" (there are not seven cantrefs better than they).
The matter and names and word-shapes of the Mabin- ocjion would betoken that they are very old, and at least they were written before the t was worn down into d or the c into a (j, as in catw for the later cadw, and erne for crug, and Caratoc (Caractacus) for Caradog.
In 26 Edward III (1352), a land-roll of Anglesey was taken, and it had then three cantrefs, Aberfraw, Cemaes, and Rhosir. Whoever might have first out-marked the hun- dreds and tithings,the law for which they were out-marked, |'l:t' oi the freeborough (freoburh), or, as the Normans called ftj francplege, was a most early institution of our tribes, with other races, and grew out of the right and might of the
AND TITHING OF ENGLISH LAW. 25
house-father, whose stead the headborough or " hundredes
ealdor" had in some points taken up ; while the landowning house-father was borough for his wife, daughters, and boys, and theowes. In the deed of standing at the mot for another man, so as to be burh for him, a man was said to " thing" (thingian), or give word or pledge for him ; and if a man could not "thing" for himself, but was " thinged" for by a landowning house-father, he became his theow (a stub-root form of the word thing, and meaning one " thinged" over; whereas a thaegn tliaen, thane, was a man who had "thinged" or pledged himself to another, as a king's thaen to the king, or a common thaen to a landholder.
The hundred seems to have been known to Saxon-English law before it took the name hundred, as the hundred was theretofore called hynden, and hundred and hynden are words akin to the word hand, which has been, at some times or places, hund, hond, hand ; and the two hands, reckoned in fingers and thumbs, are ten ; or the hands' times the hands, ten times ten, or our hundred : sometime called Jiand-teontig or hand-tenty ; or the hands by ten, or the hynden. In a law of King Ina of Wessex,who took the head- ship of Wessex about one hundred and eighty years before Alfred's kingship, is the law : " Se ^e br"S werfaeh^e betogen and he onsacan wille =8aes sieges mis afte, ^onne sceal beon on ^Saere hyndenne an cyninga^e be ^rittig hida" (whoever is charged with deadly feud, and will deny the slaying on oath, then there shall be in the hundred [hynden] a king- oath of thirty hides).
Cornwall as well as Devon is out-shared into hundreds ; and yet in the time of Cenwalh (659), and on to the time of the Ceawlin, in 577, the Parrett and Upper Axe (rivers) seem to have been the understood boundary between the two races, English and British. And in 835 the West Welsh of Cornwall helped the Danes against the West Saxons under Egbert. And even Exeter was a British town till the time of King Athelstan, in .940. after the death of Alfred ; and it is not very likely that King Alfred had already pushed the law of freeboroucdi and the hundred into Cornwall ; nor has it been written what later kino; brought the Cornish under the English " hundredes ealdor."
Jersey is out-shared into a kind of wardships called cen- taiues, or hundreds, under peace officers called centeniers ;
26 ORIGIN OF THE HUNDRED
and, under the centaines, into vigntaines, or twenties, with their vigntenu rs; though I know not how old these divisions may be; and Winne, in hisffistory of Ireland, says of Der- mod, the king of Leinster, who sought from Henry II the help of English swords for the quelling of a rebellion against himself, that he promised to the two English leaders, Fitz- ,ld and Fitz-Stephen, the city of Wexford and two can- 's, or hundreds, adjoining, if they would levy a band of men to assist him in his undertaking. These two so-called eantreds,or hundreds, are now, I believe, called the baronies Forth and Bargy ; and if the Irish had theretofore called them hundreds, they betoken an early land-sharing into hundreds in Ireland.
In Scotland, which was heretofore the land of the Scots (who were Irish) and Picts, most likely of the same race, and in the northern shires of England, which were British till the battle of Cattraeth, in the sixth year hundred, we do not find the English hundred by name or in kind, unless wairds or wards, or small districts, may answer to either our hundreds or tithings.
In Yorkshire, south of which the hundred by name takes on, we have Hidings or Trithings, and the Waepentaece, or weapon-taking, or teaching, or muster, which in law matches the hundred; and over the hundreds in Kent are the "laths" or muster-shires, so called from " ge-la^ian," to gather or muster. It is said that in Kent the hundreds are small, as if they are British out-sharings, which would not be unlikely, Bince in Caesar's time the buildings or houses were very thick; and the landholdings might, at the out-marking of the hundreds, have been small.
Now the under-shares of the English hundred were tithings, and as it is, therefore, clear that the Welsh did not take their under-sharings from the English, but built up thi ir cantref of other and many more under-shares, so it is less likdv that they took from the English the hundred itself. It is nol at all likdy that the British first out-marked the hundred, and then out-dealt them into the lower shares, since we could not take sketches of unforemeted land, and then out-share them into a gwentale of ploughlands of foregiven si/ ■. Moreover, the heads or ?/<o£-spots of many of our hun- dreds are out-step places, such as British barrows or earth- work.-, or lone hill-tops, where there was never an English
AND TITHING OF ENGLISH LAW. 27
population ; and which, while they would be of great inte- rest to the British mind, would very lightly, if at all, hold the mind of Englishmen.
In Dorset is the hundred of Culliford Tree, with the hun- dred barrow which was opened some years ago by Captain Darner, who found in it the bones of four bodies, on the neck of one of which, that of a lady, was ah amber necklace with a, golden bob ; the hundred of Eggerdon, an earthwork on a bare hill ; and Bradbury, another such fastness ; with the hundreds of Hundred's barrow, Rowbarrow, and Loose- barrow, which are barrows or earthworks. Among hundred's mot-grounds in out-step places are Combsditch or Congres- dike, a dike running north of Whitchurch ; IWescombe, a lonely hollow ; Cogdean, a hill near Wimborne ; and other out-step places, as Godderthorn, Tollerford, Brownshall, and Red Lane.
The upshot of my reasoning on these grounds is that England was not divided into hundreds by King Alfred, nor by any one king of the English people. I believe that the Saxon-English found the hundred (cantref) as an institution of the Britons, as we know the Britons had a freeborough of kindred, from which the English, who did not settle here on the land by kindreds, took the freeboronghship of land- holders, whether of one kindred or not. The tithing might have been one of the institutions of English law, as we are not bound to believe that the English out-shared the hun- dreds into so many tithings each, as I do not think they have all an even toll of tithings.
•J-
OX THE .MUNICIPAL ARCHIVES OF DORSET.
KY J. o. HALLIWELL, ESQ., F.K.S., F.S.A.
The corporate towns of Dorset, on which I had to report, were Blandford, Poole, Wareham, Corfe Castle, Dorchester, Weymouth, and Lyme Regis. This list includes all the cor- porate towns except Shaftesbury, which it will be my busi- ness to visit at another opportunity. On this occasion it was too remote from the centre of our operations to be included in my researches. The town of Corfe Castle was also left unnoticed, owing to want of information from that place. Probably on the occasion of the visit to be paid -to that place on the last day of the Congress, some- thing may be done in the way of inquiry to fill up the blank. Blandford offers nothing for investigation, its muniments having been destroyed in the great fire which occurred there in 17:U. Poole possesses muniments considerable in quan- tity, but at this time they are widely dispersed. The Mayor gave authority for me to inspect them in London, where they, <>r a large part of them, have been sent, and placed in the hands of the law advisers of the Corporation on account of a suit at law respecting harbour-dues. Every facility was given to me by the solicitors ; but then I found that a further separation had been made by dividing the documents. amongst the learned counsel, and so that at present it was impossible to obtain any general view of the muniments of Poole. From Wareham 1 ascertained that nothing exists there but one charter of the time of Queen Anne. The group of western boroughs has been much more fruitful. At Weymouth I find that a large part of the town papers are in private hands, belonging to Mr. Sherren,who acquired them at the time when the Municipal Reform Act, amongst other evils, Led to the ousting of what in many places was deemed < lusty rubbish. It is fortunate that Mr. Sherren intervened t" Bave from the waste-paper basket, by purchase, a quantity of curious matter of great local interest. Mr.Sher- ren has kindly placed the whole of them in my hands for examination ; but the only documents I propose to produce are Borne relating to ecclesiastical affairs in Melcombe Regis.
THE MUNICIPAL ARCHIVES OF DORSET. 29
These Mr. Black will read and expound. Others of these papers have been largely used in that excellent book, Roberts on the Social History of the Southern Counties, and from that book some idea of their very miscellaneous character can be gained. Still belonging to the Corporation is a curious grant of arms of 1592, and a series of charters which Mr. Black should observe upon. The town books do not go back farther than 1617, and appear to me to be of no general interest. Of the Dorchester records I believe that I can note most of any antiquarian value :
1. A petition for erecting a prison for the county, 33 Ed- ward I. A deed in fine preservation.
2. The Doomsday Book of Dorchester, at least a MS. so called. It is a stoutish folio, on vellum, of the fifteenth cen- tury, containing copies of deeds, wills, and charters, chiefly, if not entirely, relating to the town. It would take a week to read properly, and I doubt if the result would be worth the trouble ; but it is a book you should glance over. In one of the charters of 6 Henry IV there is a mention of a chapel of St. Rowland in Dorchester.
3. Stewards' accounts, 1554-1610. I never read through a more uninteresting series of accounts. The only thing of the slightest interest is the following entry under a.d. 1583: " Paid Thomas Stillerd for the chest and lock in the church wherein the writinges are, viijs." which I copy because you may like to note it if a paper is written about Dorchester Church.
* The Corporation minutes do not begin until 1619. The sessions' books commence in 161 8. There are also heaps of Corporation leases. None of them appear to be of any general interest.
In the matter of the Bridport records, the principal MSS.
are :
1. An old MS. of the statutes of the realm, on vellum.
2. Thousands of old deeds.
3. A folio MS. called the Dome Book. It is a compotus of the bailiffs and cofferers, commencing in the thirty-second year of Henry VI. It relates chiefly to officers' elections, and is very uninteresting.
4. A grant of fairs, 36 Eliz.
5. Proceedings of the Court of Record.
1872 5
30 THE MUNICIPAL ARCHIVES OF DORSET.
( ;. A 1 kx >k < >f the fraternity of St. Katheriiie. Small volume, on paper, fifteenth century.
7. Folio MS., compotus of the bailiffs from the time of Richard II to Henry VI.
8. A 12mo MS., fifteenth century, book of the fraternity of the Holy Cross in the Chapel of St. Andrew.
9. Book of the assize of bread and ale, a MS. of the fif- teenth century. 4to.
1 0. Copies of wills, deeds, and court-rolls of Bridport, on Allium, fifteenth century.
11. Book of the "Fraternitas Torticiorum in Ecclesia Beate Marie de Bridport"; small MS., on vellum, fifteenth century.
The Bridport records are very voluminous; and no report, to do justice to them, could be made under at least two or three weeks' work. I have done what I could in the time at my disposal, and have copied a short statement of accounts relating to Bridport church. The accounts of Lyme Regis illustrate local history and social life, as is abund- antly shown in Roberts' Social History ; but the following entries are all I see of much historical or general interest : "a.d. 1596. Item, payd for the cariage of a lettre to Mr. Drake, to geve him advertisement of the Spanishe shippes, and to cause his parishioners to come hither to help us, iiik/. Item, payd for cariage of a lettre to Sir Walter Rawley, iis." These entries may possibly be given by Roberts, but I have not his book here to refer to. The mayors' accounts commence in 1545, but those of many of the subsequent years are missing. There is also a folio volume of town accounts (1576-1664), solely of local interest. Other MSS. are : —
1. A book of orders of the Corporation, 1594 to Charles the Second's time. Folio.
2. Muster-books and letters, temp. Eliz.
3. Proceedings of the Court of Hustings, a sort of court of record, from a very early period. Obviously of no use excepting for local history.
4. Cobb accounts, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ; very voluminous. Chiefly relating to duties levied on vessels and goods entering the Cobb.
5. Subsidy accounts, temp. Eliz. Bridport Corporation MSS. : "Charges laide owte for the Churche of Brytporte in
THE MUNICIPAL ARCHIVES OF DORSET. 31
anno domini 1656. Imprimis, for whopynge of the holy- water bokett with two newc hoopys, iij cZ. Item, for mend- ynge of the locke for the vestuarye, viijd Item, for mend- ynge of the haspe of the Churche yearde dore, ijcZ. Item, for ixli of wax for the Paskalle taper, the faute taper, the alter, xs. vjd. Item, for mendynge of the image of the best crosse with wyer, \]d. Item, for iiijft. of lead multyd in the best candelstyckes, vjd Item, to John Skynner for watchynge of the Sepulchre, iiijd. Item, for mendynge of the key of the vestuarye dore, iid Item, payd to the plummer when he came to see the Crosse upon the Tower, viijcZ. Item, payd to John Hudson, William Butcherell, John Downe, and Thomas Downe, for theire paynes yn takynge downe the crosse, xvjd Item, to John Hovvper for a borde to mende the gutter uppon the North He, vjd. Item, for nayles to nayle the same, ]d. Item, for a pounde and di. of wax for the tapers ayenst the dedycacion of the Churche, xxjd"
ON THE ANTIQUITIES OF PORTLAND.
BY GEORGE E.
In reading a paper upon the antiquities of Portland I must warn my hearers at the beginning not to expect too much. The almost complete isolation of Portland has prevented it taking any great part in the historical events that have so crowded upon other parts of England ; and while the great drama of the history of this country has been played out, Portland, like some back eddy, or some quiet pool by the side of a rushing torrent, has had only its own simple domestic history of its own simple and somewhat primitive inhabitants. Here we shall find no lordly mansions dating back to the times of feudal barons ; no churches exhibiting the taste, the grandeur, and the piety of our ancestors hun- dreds of years ago ; no Druidical circles or Roman amphi- theatre. But this same isolation gives Portland a peculiar interest in the eyes of the archaeologist, for while he finds, perhaps, but a few things that come within the range of his peculiar study, he finds those few, if I may so term it, in a
32 THE ANTIQUITIES OF PORTLAND.
remarkable state of preservation : in fact, until within the last thirty years, the advancing step of modern improvement had done Little to disturb the quaintness of primitive Port- land, or to alter its native customs ; but now (shall I say alas!) the ferry at the entrance to the island has been bridged, a railroad-station is the first object that greets you, the telegraph-wire spans the island, its stone is sawn by
am and worked by machinery, plate-glass windows appear in many of the shops, a government convict-prison stands in its midst ; and I need hardly say that in the face of these innovations, every year it becomes more difficult to preserve the rapidly disappearing antiquities, social and physical, which have hitherto existed on the island.
As an evidence of the complete isolation of Portland until, as I have before mentioned, the last thirty or forty years, I will mention one or two facts. Until within this period marriage with a mainlander was almost unheard of in Port- land, consequently we find a few surnames predominant in the island. Some years ago, in a Directory of Dorset, it was found that of a hundred and ninety-six persons having a trade or calling in the island, twenty-one (or nearly one- ninth) bore the name of Pearce, fifteen were Combens, eight were Whites, ten were Stones, seven Flews, and five Scrivens; and if, as has been suggested, Pearce is a corruption of Pierre, of course the twenty-one Pearces and ten Stones were identical names. There is also a curious term used for a mainlander. He is called in Portland a " Kimmerling." It is, I believe, a term unknown elsewhere ; and my friend ]\Ir. Barnes has made a suggestion which, 1 am sure, he will not mind my repeating. It is that the term comes from " I lymru-ling" or Briton. If such be a true derivation, the term is an interesting relic of the past.
Pieces of evident Roman pottery, part of a tessellated pavement, and some personal ornaments, have from time to time been found in different parts of Portland. I am sorry to be able to do little more than mention these, as, although there is good evidence of these things having been found, through want of appreciation they have gradually become lost. I have, however, succeeded in rescuing a few pieces (>t pottery,— -one found in an old well which was disco- vered a little to the south of the parish church. I am
sured that a good deal more was found there, but it has
THE ANTIQUITIES OF PORTLAND. 33
been lost. This well was discovered accidentally in a field by a shepherd, who, when driving a stake one day for his sheepfold, was surprised by its suddenly disappearing. It was opened by Mr. Pearce, a stonemason of Keforne, and was found to be filled up to within 4 feet of the surface. It was about 2 ft. 6 ins. in diameter ; and the walls of the well were composed of neatly laid stones about an inch thick, such as are now found near the surface, amongst the rubble, in opening quarries. It was 16 ft. deep, and the bottom of the well was concave ; and the bottom and the sides, to the height of some 4 or 5 ft. from the bottom, were plugged down with clay, so as to hold any water that might be there. At the bottom a great quantity of Roman pottery was found. It is much to be regretted that, through an accident, all these pieces have been, with very few exceptions, lost. Some of the smaller vases were very perfect ; and of others, such huge segments were found as to show very clearly the size and shape of the original.
Further south, still nearer the village of Southwell, great quantities of pottery have been found, as well as some iron implements, and all within some lines of embankment which are perceptible to this day. Those lines, when I saw them and examined them some time since, were clearly parts of a circle ; and at the time I was there, the foundations of a field-wall were being excavated, and it is no exaggeration to say that the loose earth which was being thrown up was full of shreds of evidently Roman pottery. In a few minutes I filled my pockets.
Various other Roman remains have been discovered during the progress of the Verne works. Some of them have already been examined and written about.
I have with me here a few things which have been kindly put at my disposal, for this meeting, by Colonel Belfield of the Royal Engineers. First, I have here a bronze coin of Antoninus Pius, discovered about two feet under the surface on the North Common. Near it was also discovered what must have been once a pretty little ornament, a small circu- lar Roman fibula. It has an inner circle marked off in divi- sions, in which the enamel, green and red, still remains visible ; the hinge, or part of the clasp, at the back, remains. The enamel which fills up the rest of the disc has perished. Another coin I have is one of some variety. It is a gold
34 THE ANTIQUITIES OF PORTLAND.
coin slightly dished in shape. Mr. Evans, the numismatist, lias examined it, and thinks it Gaulish rather than British, although it certainly approaches very nearly some of the known British coins of the charioteer type. A third coin is a silver penny of Henry III. It has the king's head with a crown surmounted by a cross, and the right hand grasping a Bceptre, also surmounted by a cross. On the reverse are the words terri-on-lund. Terri le Channier was one of the keepers of the mint in 1222. Another piece of antiquity I have here is a somewhat ponderous instrument of iron, about twenty inches in length, and fourteen pounds in weight. The weight is in the centre, the extremities tapering off, the one to a point, the other to a chisel-shaped end. This was found on the North Common, near the fibula and the coin of Antonine. It has been thought by some antiquaries that this and a similar instrument of iron, of similar weight, shape, and size, were specimens of metal-iron in the pig. This may have been the case; but I rather incline to the suggestion offered by Captain Ferguson, that they are primi- tive hand-jumpers, — the tool used for loosening the stone, to prepare it for being split and detached from the original block in the quarry. Not only are the edges bevelled, as Capt. Ferguson suggests, to save the hand from injury; but you will also observe a cavity on one side, which seems pur- posely made to give the hand a better and firmer grasp. A^ain, the fact of one end being chiselled and the other pointed, seems to show that it is a manufactured instrument ; and further, the weight is so eminently fitted for the effici- ency of the instrument as a jumper. And if our military forefathers could wear and fight in the suits of armour we see hung up in the Tower of London and elsewhere, it is equally possible that the arms of our ancestral quarrymen would have wielded with ease a fourteen pound jumper. I have also kindly lent me, by Mr. Holland, a very perfect urn and basin. They were found in a grave, in 1863, in the Witheyscroft Quarry, about four feet below the surface. The colli n was a rude one, made of slabs of rough stone, and the urn was full of fragments of bone.
We now come to some of the social antiquities, — the old customs which have been preserved so well, but which we fear may soon have to yield to modernising influences. For some hundreds of years Portland has been a royal manor,
THE ANTIQUITIES OF PORTLAND. 35
and as lord of the manor the sovereign claims a royalty upon all stone quarried from crown lands. This royalty amounts to a shilling per ton; but Charles II made a remission to the inhabitants of three-fourths of his dues, and nine-pence per ton is now paid to three trustees to lay out for the public benefit of the inhabitants.
A court-baron is held twice a year, in the months of May and November, under the presidency of the steward, for the time being, of the manor. At this court the reeve (t. e,, the man appointed for the year to collect the royal dues) renders his accounts. This reeve is chosen by rotation from amongst the tenantry on the royal estate, the tenant who pays next lowest quit-rent to the outgoing reeve being chosen. . We find the ancient title of reeve preserved in but few titles handed down to our day. The sheriff of the county was originally the shire-reeve; and in the now almost extinct office of sea-reeve, whose duty was to collect any valuables the sea might throw up (ejectam maris in old legal phraseo- logy), and take possession of any wrecks that might come ashore, in behalf of the lord of the manor, we find traces of this ancient Saxon title.
The first proceeding of the court-baron is to swear in the homage-jury, which consists of twenty-two jurymen, two afFeerors, and the bailiff ; the affeerors, or affirmers, being officers appointed to affirm upon their oath what penalty they think in conscience ought to be inflicted upon any per- sons who have committed faults recognisable at the court- baron. The court then proceeds to the usual business of passing surrenders and admittances, settling encroachments and boundary disputes, and also, by means of presentments, claiming the ancient privileges belonging to the tenants of the royal manor of Portland. For instance, the terms of one of the presentments run as follow : " We also present that we have three ways to dispose of our lands, namely in free church gift, surrender in court, and the last will and testa- ment. That the gift of land in church, before two or more tenants, is not to be revoked, whether for term of life or for ever ; that if land be surrendered in court, the heir hath power to redeem it, if he bring the principal money which the party gave for it for his use, before two tenants or more, within one year and one day ; and by last will and testa- ment we may give our land to whom we please."
3G TI1E ANTIQUITIES OF PORTLAND.
Such are the surroundings in which is embalmed one of tli«' most ancient of the customs of Portland ; one, I may
.-. altogether unique at this date in England ; and one which at once carries us back to those days when many a large landed proprietor or feudal baron could neither read a book nor sign his name: and when, for the benefit of those (the great majority) who could not read, a man put his sign (the blue boar, the golden lion, the white hart, etc.) over his shop instead of, or as well as, his name. I refer to the manner of keeping the accounts of the royal dues by cutting the reeve-pole. Every year the reeve for the year presents his reeve-pole, on which are cut the various sums paid by the different tenants in the different villages of the island. The pole, as you see, is square, and on each side are cut notches, each notch denoting a current sum. Thus a full notch is Is., a half-notch 6d., a full scratch Id, a half-scratch \d.t a quarter-scratch jd. The reeve-rent amounts now to about £'15, and is paid by about five hundred tenants, of whom more than half stand as heirs. But of this more pre- sently. Of course books and accounts are now kept as well, but they have not as yet displaced this ancient method of keeping accounts.
So we find here, as tlie archaeologist does every now and then in his researches, some ancient relic of the past, standing out amidst the improvements and advances of modern educa- tion and civilisation, like some venerable, stunted oak amidst a forest of saplings ; not, perhaps, untouched by the hand of time, but preserving its vitality, and holding up a picture of the past when all that flourished with it has long ceased to exist. And however much we may venerate these monu- ments of former ages, however charmed the archaeologist may be to discover some ancient mansion with its inconve- nient rooms or its ill contrived passages, its damp and un- healthy situation, or however much our curiosity may be excited to bring to light a Portland reeve-pole, I think we cannot be too thankful that our lot has fallen in busier and more stirring times, perhaps ; but in days when health and home-comforts are understood and enjoyed, and when it is not necessary to scratch on a stick what the youngest boy in our national schools can write with ease and read with fluency. The reeve-pole, however, exists side by side with the ordinary method of keeping accounts.
THE ANTIQUITIES OF PORTLAND. 37
We now come to a custom which modern innovations and modem laws have left untouched. 1 refer to the custom of conveyance of land. I have before mentioned that at the half yearly court-baron a presentment is made claiming the ancient privilege of disposal of land by free Church gift. This custom is, I believe, unique, and Portland is probably the only place in the United Kingdom where a Church gift is recognised as a legal conveyance of land. If the reeve- pole maybe compared to the stump of some venerable forest tree, which exists only to point out its ancient greatness, the Church gift may be compared to an equally ancient tree; but one which is still vigorous and healthy, producing its leaf and fruit ; and although this custom is surrounded by younger, more complicated, and, I may add, more expensive customs and institutions, it is yet vigorous as ever, and, as I mentioned just now, the only recognised legal conveyance of land in Portland. The legal transaction is extremely simple. A deed is drawn up free from the modern legal verbose terms, and commences somewhat in this fashion : — " Memorandum, that upon such and such a day, I, A. B. of Portland in the county of Dorset, came in the parish church of Portland, and did then and there, according to the ancient custom, time out of mind, freely give unto my loving son- in-law a certain piece of land." Then follows a description of the property, its boundaries, position, etc. Of course this " free gift" usually follows, or is followed by, the considera- tion-money; but it is not necessary to mention the sum paid on the deed. The purchaser and vendor then meet in the parish church of St. George, and in the presence of two householders, who sign the Church gift as witnesses, the vendor signs the deed, a small fee is paid to the clerk, and the legal transaction is complete. I have heard, but I have not been able to verify the statement, that this custom is decidedly Danish in its origin. Mr. Barnes has, I think, evidence of its being Saxon. If any of our friends can throw any light upon the origin of this custom, it will show the advantage of these things being discussed at meetings like the present.
But to pass on. Portland is not only peculiar in its method of conveying property, but is also peculiar in its method of distributing property, for there is no such law known in the island as the law of primogeniture : in fact, we find to this
1S7.1 6
THK ANTIQUITIES OF PORTLAND.
day, in active operation, the old Saxon law of gavel-kind — a term thought by some to be derived from the three Saxon words, gyfe eal hyn (give all kind), i: e., to each child his pari : and by others, from the British words gavel (ahold or tenure) and' conned (a family). The law of gavel-kind ensured an equal distribution of property amongst the dif- ferent members of a family, and as such is observed to this day in Portland. The consequence of the operation of this law is that the land is cut up into innumerable strips of holdings ("lawns" as they are commonly called in the island), and even these small strips of land frequently belong to several members of the same family : hence it is that upon the reeve-pole we find several of the sums inscribed pay- able by the heirs of so and so. More than half the sums, as I mentioned just now, are thus payable (id., \d., \d.\ due from the heirs of some deceased tenant. If any advo- cate for the abolition of the law of primogeniture wants an argument to strengthen his cause, I can safely recommend him to pay a visit to Portland, for we find there (and I do not think it by any means an unfair deduction to make from the facts of the case), we find there, as a consequence of this wholesome law, an amount of independent thrift and honest competency rarely to be met with so generally amongst a population so numerous. Some years ago an elder son tried how far he could shelter himself under the English law of primogeniture ; and his father having died intestate, he laid claim to all the freehold property. The case was put into the lawyers' hands, and after dragging its weary length in the law-courts for several years, was finally arranged by arbitration ; and the small remnant that was saved, after paying the legal expenses of a many years' suit, was equally divided amongst the two contending brothers. The result "has not encouraged other elder brothers to satisfy their greed under the protection of English law; so that we find gavel-kind still to be the law of the island.
The laws of Portland are also favourable to the rights of women. A woman may, "during her coverture, dispose of any property belonging to herself, in her right by will or t' -lament, to whom she please, as if she were single or un- married." And if this be, indeed, an ancient custom handed down (shall I Bay) from happier days, then the attempt to deliver women from their thraldom and subjection now-a-
Plate 1
IMPLEMENTS FROM MAIDEN CASTLE
THE ANTIQUITIES OF PORTLAND. 39
(lavs, is no liberal advance of modern civilisation, but a return to a state of things which advancing civilisation has obliterated.
These are some of the old customs and laws peculiar to Portland. Many of them, I believe, arc quite unique ; and it is because 1 fear they will rapidly disappear now that Portland is brought into such immediate contact with the mainland, that I have made this effort to preserve an account of some of the most curious and most ancient ; and if it will lead to the subject being investigated by some abler hand than mine, and thus to more light being thrown upon them, I shall feel that my humble endeavours have not been entirely in vain.
REPORT ON ANCIENT REMAINS FOUND AT MAIDEN CASTLE, DORSETSHIRE.
BY H. SYER CUMING, ESQ., F.S.A. SCOT., V.P.
In compliance with the wish expressed at a former meeting, I have drawn up a brief report on the ancient remains ex- humed at Maiden Castle during our Weymouth Congress, and kindly transmitted to London by the Rev. William Barnes, B.D.
The position and general features of this famous strong- hold are so well known that it would be superfluous to descant on them, but an observation respecting the origin of its name may not be deemed altogether out of place. The designation Maiden is generally asserted to signify "the fort on the grassy plain," being derived from the British words mce and din. I would venture to propose to substitute maen for mce; thus making the title imply "the stone fortress",— an appellation which seems fully justified by the discovery of extensive traces of masonry, of which ocular evidence was produced to our members last August. It is far from impro- bable that the stone fortress may have been erected on the site of a much older earthwork, though the relics we are about to consider do not indicate an extremely remote anti- quity.
We Will commence our survey with the fictilta, few if
40 REPORT ON ANCIENT REMAINS
any of which can with certainty be referred to the neolithic pi riod ; the majority ranging apparently from the bronze era down to the time when Roman legions and Roman ex- ample had subdued and influenced the Durotriges, and their lands had become a portion of the province of Britannia
Prima.
The most ancient fragments of pottery are decidedly por- tions of hand-made vessels. They are of blackish and brownish hues, the paste consisting of fine clay mingled with sand; the absence of the angular bits of silex seen in the more archaic Jictilia being very noticeable.
A\ itli this hand-made pottery must be associated a sub- group represented by four fragments of vessels of a very remarkable character; differing materially from the preced- ing, and presenting features strongly reminding us of the Jictilia of ancient Mexico and Peru. We need not, however, travel quite so far as America for a similitude to this pecu- liar fabric, for such has been found in the older graves of Germany. These vestigia show that much care was bestowed on the construction of the vessels, which are well fired, their paste compact, and their surfaces smooth and glossy. Two of the examples are of a uniform red colour on the exterior, the third black, and the fourth clouded black and fawn. The last is a portion of the rim and side of a somewhat globose urn, impressed with a bold chevron pattern and hori- zontal lines, both being decorated with little transverse nicks or depressions. (See Plate 1, fig. 1.)
This hand-made pottery is followed by another group composed of parts of vessels which were clearly turned on the wheel, and some of which indisputably exhibit a Roman influence in contour. Take, for example, the remnant of the neck and side of an urn of black ware. (See Plate 1, fig. 2.)
One of the packets sent to London is inscribed, " Sand and clay (not natural formations); the latter found ready mixed with charcoal and sand, for making urns, etc." The only observation required in addition to this description is that one of the lumps of kneaded clay retains the mark of the workman's thumb ; the skin of which, to judge from the impression, was vat her coarse.
Besides the remains of vessels, and the clay and sand pre- sumed to be prepared for the fabrication of such articles, we have before us two other examples of Jictilia of much
FOUND AT MAIDEN CASTLE. 41
interest. They are portions of triangular bricks measuring about two inches and a half in thickness. They are of light, drab coloured, compact clay, well fired, both having a per- foration from side to side, near the points. Triangular bricks have beeD discovered at Malniesbury and near Can- terbury, having perforations through them of about the same diameter as those in the Dorset examples. The date of the Malniesbury bricks is not well defined;1 but those met with, in Kent positively belong to the Roman epoch, and consti- tuted a portion of a hearth, with which was an iron tripus, hooks, etc., for cooking.2
Having dismissed the terra-cottas, we will pass on to the stones, the lamest of which are in all likelihood the vestiges of an aehvyd, or hearth, formed of a flag of the well known shelly stratum of Portland, and exhibiting visible traces of fire not only on its surface but for some depth in. Hearth- stones with burnt surfaces have been found in several of the lake-dwellings of Switzerland and other countries, so that the use of such things in remote ages is a well established fact.
Coal was a substance known to the Britannic Kelts, who called it glo; but whether the old occupants of Maiden Castle ever employed Kimmeridge coal as fuel is a question I will leave others to determine, and will merely affirm that we have a specimen of this bituminous shale from the locality. It is very fragile, and requires careful handling.
In connexion with fire may be mentioned a lump of scoria, apparently ferruginous clay, which is unaffected by the mag- net in the mass, but becomes attractable when reduced to a fine powder. The fusion of this mineral was more probably through chance than design ; but the presence of the speci- men is nevertheless worthy of record.
The occurrence at Maiden Castle of the two following fossils may be due entirely to accident, but it is well to note their discovery. One is a piece of silicified wood, the other the upper portion of a pinna-shell in its ferruginous matrix. Fossil remains have been found in ancient sepulchres, as, for instance, the belemnites in the barrow on Roke Down, Dorsetshire, the opening of which is described in owe Journal (ii, p. 100).
1 See Gent. Mag., Dec. 1831, p. 500.
2 See Journal, xviii, p. 272.
42 REPORT ON ANCIENT REMAINS
One of the discoveries made at Maiden Castle seems to point to the warlike doings of its old garrison, viz. a large quantity of beach-rolled pebbles, apparently selected for the purpose of sling-stones. Thirteen examples from this "find" are submitted, by which it will be seen that some are of flint, others of quartz ; some globose, others more ovate in form ; but all well suited for slinging. Respecting the use of the sling in Britain and other lands, I must refer you to our Journal (xx, p. 73).
Of animal remains we have a few examples, both wrought and unwrought; and as the latter require little observation, we will take them first. Among them may be noted the lower half of a shed antler of a roebuck (cei-vus capreolus) aged three years ; molars of the deer, sheep, and horse, and a canine tooth of a wolf or dog. To these may be added a fragment or two of bone of indefinite character.
In addition to the remains of mammals are two pieces of the round bones of birds, which seem to have been design- edly broken into lengths of about an inch and two-twelfths ; and may have been strung, with other like pieces, to form a necklace. Necklaces of birds' bones and little shells were worn in olden times by the natives of the Friendly Islands, of which I produce an example, to show in what manner the Dorset bugles may have been employed. This necklace was brought to England by the great navigator, Capt. Cook, and was formerly in the Leverian Museum.
We now come to two examples of wrought bone or antler, both designed for the same purpose, and designated "combs". The shortest is rather over five inches in length ; the upper end pointed, the lower about an inch and two-twelfths wide, cut into seven short teeth, two of them having suffered frac- ture. (See Plate 1, fig. 3). The second specimen is about five inches and a half in length, straight at top, and full an inch in width at bottom, and, like its companion, provided with seven short teeth. (See Plate 1, fig. 4). It is stated that these two specimens were met with near the clay and Band previously mentioned, and that a third comb, of similar fashion, has been discovered at Maiden Castle. Combs much resembling these in general aspect have been found in various parts of the Britannic islands and in Scandinavia, but I have never sei □ any with teeth quite so short as those under con- sideration.
FOUND AT MAIDEN CASTLE. 4I>
A bone comb, five inches and a half in length, and one
inch and a quarter across its dentated end, and having one face incised with concentric circles, was discovered, with an iron spear-head, at Ham Hill, Somersetshire, in 1862.1
In Wilson's Prehistoric Annals of Scotland (p. 424) is an engraving of a bone comb discovered in 1825 in the burgh of Burghar,E vie, Orkney. It is four inches in length, straight across the top, and has nine teeth, somewhat sharper than those before us. This Orcadian relic is now in the Museum of Scottish Antiquaries at Edinburgh, where are also depo- sited other examples from the Brock of Kettleburn, near Wick, Caithness. One of these bone combs, when perfect, had six teeth, but only five remain. Objects of bronze and iron were found in this Brock.
In the Report of the Proceedings of the Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire for 1859 (pp. 45-74) is a valuable account, by Mr. H. Denny, of discoveries made in the Victoria and Do wkabottorn Caves in Craven, in which mention is made of bone combs ; one seeming to belong to the class we have in hand, but having thirteen teeth, and the upper part of the shaft spreading out on either side.
I have a coarsely executed copper-plate engraving, much in the style of the illustrations to works published by Alex- ander Hogg, representing what are entitled " amulets hung round the breasts of the Druid priests in sacrifice"; but which are in reality two bone combs, one having eight, the other nine stout teeth. The upper ends swell out laterally, and are decorated with the eyelet-hole or ring and dot pat- tern so often seen on articles of bone of the later Keltic period.
Though the implements here cited are generally called combs, opinions are much divided as to their real purpose, some writers considering them as designed for personal use, others regarding them as workmen's tools. In some instances the teeth are too short and obtuse either to comb the hair, or thrust into it so that the object could be worn as an orna- ment; and even the longest dentes we meet with are incon- veniently brief for either service. Some of those who hold to the tool theory fancy these pectinated instruments may have been employed as wool-combs, whilst others contend
1 See Journal, xx, p. 329.
44 REPORT ON ANCIENT REMAINS, ETC.
they were for scoring lines on pottery. But I must confess I know of no examples of ancient fictilia which would sup- port the latter hypothesis.
Without committing myself to any theory, I will still venture to call attention to the fact that the Esquimaux employ pectinated tools in clearing off the fat and other encumbrances from the interior surface of skins required for clothing, etc., — which tools bear a certain resemblance to the combs in question. Some of these Arctic dentated scrapers are wrought of bone or antler, others of wood armed with birds' claws. In illustration of the subject I produce a tool of the latter description, the pointed handle of which is of pine, the denies being three talons of an eagle strongly bound on with sinew to the tripartite end of the haft. This specimen was obtained at Behring's Straits by Captain Beechey's expedition, between the years 1826 and 1828.
The Jictilia, stone, and animal remains having now been gone through, we advance to the concluding division of our , Report, viz. the metallic objects, of which only a very few examples have reached us. One is a finger-ring formed of a flat band of bronze arranged as a spiral, in the manner of the cmnulus found in Gloucestershire, and engraved in our Journal, iv, p. 53. (See pi. 1, fig. 5.) Another is an annulet of yellow bronze, about three-quarters of an inch diameter, of the kind considered by some as ring-money, of which several examples were discovered in Moorfields in the year 1866. A third is a portion of the bronze acus of a fibula.
We have not quite done with the metallic articles, for there remain to mention portions of two Saxon knives of iron; the blade of the larger being sharp on the inner curve, and measuring an inch and a quarter across, next its broad, flat tang. (See Plate 1, fig. 6.)
These brazen and iron objects are unquestionably the Litest in date of any of the relics from Maiden Castle which have been forwarded to London. It is stated that coins of Postumus, Helena, Julianus, and Valens, have been here met with ; so that we seem to have literal evidence of life and occupation as far down as the fourth century. How far back life and occupation can be traced on this ancient site it is hard to say, perhaps hazardous to conjecture. We have tangible proof that a race or tribe employing hand-made - dwelt upon the spot long ere Roman arts and arms
ON THREE LISTS OP MONASTERIES. 45
had penetrated Dorset, and two thousand years and more may have passed away since these .rude urns left the pot- ter's kiln. Nay, even these ancient fictilia may themselves be modern in comparison with the venerable earthwork on which the din of stone was raised, the exhumation of the remains of which is one of the most important and interest- ing features in the history of this prehistoric fortress.
ON THREE LISTS OF MONASTERIES COMPILED IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
BY W. DE G. BIRCH, ESQ.
The manuscript sources from which we may draw our know- ledge of the monastic history of England are by no means as yet exhausted, although two hundred years have elapsed since the first attempt at arranging the materials ready to his hand was made by the father of monastic archaeology, Sir William Dugdale, He, however, collected but little matter of use towards elucidating the influence the religious orders exercised upon the community, and never endea- voured to point out the power brought to bear by mona- chism upon the art, literature, and domestic manners of the country that fostered it. That want is yet to be supplied, if any there be who can give many long years to the digest- ing the enormous mass of records little known, because not yet disseminated by the handmaid of all science, the print- ing press. We may look, it is to be regretted, in vain around us for minds like that of the Abbe Migne or the Bollandist authors of the gigantic editions of the Acta Sanctorum, and of other foreign literati, whose leisure is (so to speak) the only measure of their labour. It is true that the example set by the English author I have mentioned was followed by many collectors of materials for a comprehensive account of the religious establishments in England. A long array of names, foremost among which stand those of Hearne, Wharton, Gale, Fuller, Stevens, Archdale, Tanner, Hay, Macfarlane, Ware, and many county historians noted for their contribu- tions to this object, presents itself to us ; but we yet want further materials to enable us to judge accurately the exact
1S72 7
46 OX THREE LISTS OF MONASTERIES
position occupied by the monasteries, and the culture they maintained, in reference to the condition and culture of the lay orders. The subject has always demanded a prominent place in the history of our land, for all that science and art, in their myriad forms, ever attained in the middle ages, was cither directly deduced from or indirectly fostered by the hospitable protection or the quiet seclusion of the monastery. Religious houses, we know, were in mediaeval times not only places of worship and retirement: they were the hospitals, the museums, the laboratories, the libraries, the manufac- tories, in a land where nothing existed beyond their walls but the ready right of the strongest arm. Helpless women and children took shelter in them from the rapine and law- lessness of the country : even kings cast away their crowns for a cowl. There was no choice for any one born of the people, if he desired to carry out projected theories in ad- vance of his times, but to enter a monastery. Even in towns, until the incorporation of guilds or " mysteries," as trade- companies were termed (a phase of trade which entered very late into the English method of mercantile and commercial pursuit, as compared with that of the continental towns), very little improvement in the arts and sciences was made. The monasteries formed each a kind of spiritual centre, whence emanated the intellectual power of England, and round which clustered the peaceable and willing populace, who only too gladly followed where practical wisdom led the way.
All this is, of course, a picture of the early middle ages. The dissemination of knowledge in the fourteenth and fif- teenth centuries weakened the monastic influence, while simultaneously the monasteries, in most cases, had not failed to make many and powerful enemies among what we must call the military element, to whose tendencies their manner of life was diametrically opposed. The rapid growth of large towns, increase in the facilities of trade and commerce, successful foreign expeditions opening up easy and profitable careers to the daring and dissolute, — all exercised a corre- sponding depression upon religion; and there is but little doubt that the decadence and final downfall of the religious ciders was as much owing to that yearning spirit of pro- grcssive freedom which, though kept back by the iron hand oi Henry and his equally stern though less brutal brood,
COMPILED IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 47
Mary and Elizabeth, ripened under James, and bore bloody fruit when the royal head of Charles fell a sacrifice to so- called liberty, as it was to the overbearing political influence naturally begotten by the monasteries together with their wealth and temporal possessions.
But to end this digression from the subject before you, I am desirous of pointing out that until our monastic trea- sures arc thoroughly examined, and all deserving records printed, it will be impossible rightly to measure their influ- ence upon our history. 1 have, therefore, collated for pub- lication three very early lists of monasteries, arranged under counties, and probably the work of a Benedictine or Cister- cian monk, who acknowledges that he is of the county of Kent, and very likely was an inhabitant of Canterbury. In this list, which contains about five hundred religious houses scattered throughout England, Wales, and Scotland, with the exception of a few counties, are also inserted the names of the castles or fortified places, — a fact which endows the MSS. with a double interest, and calls the attention of the topographer as wrell as the military antiquarian. It is the earliest treatise of the kind in existence relating to England, and was probably prepared for some political purpose, such as a taxation or a census, and has escaped the notice of monastic historians on account of the topographical nature of its commencing portion. There will be noticed in these several names not found in the Monasticon, because no further notice is extant of such monasteries, many being known to us only by name; all the records having been destroyed when the monastery was absorbed into another larger one, the monks dispersed, or the possessions alienated.
A. Cotton. MS., Vespasian A. xvm, fT. 157-159 ; 4to.— This MS., which I have taken, as far as it goes, to form the text, is a very beautiful MS. written in the thirteenth cen- tury; but of it, unfortunately, only three leaves remain, the text beoimiino; in the middle of the list of monasteries in
o o ... .
Southampton county, and terminating in the list of those in Yorkshire. It is fuller in several parts yet remaining than either of the others ; and although written at an earlier period, contains a large proportion of additional names which have been omitted by the transcribers of the other lists. The list itself is preceded by a table of Archbishops of Canter- bury, written by the same hand, and carried as far as the
ON THREE LISTS OF MONASTERIES
appointment of Bonifacius, who was Primate from a. d. 1244-
L270. There is no doubt that this ]\IS. was written during
that period; and it is to be regretted that this, the earliest
mpt at tabulating the monastic state of England at so
lv a period, should be so fragmentary.
B. Cotton. .MS., Cleopatra A. XII, ff. 4G-57; Svo — This .MS., which I have taken to supply the missing portions of the text, is very finely written upon vellum, and appears to be of the middle or concluding part of the thirteenth cen- tury. The list of monasteries is preceded by a page contain- ing the names of the Archbishops of Canterbury in orde^of chronology, ending with Johannes, who occupied the see from a.d. 1278-1292. Later hands have carried on this List to the name of " Wylhelmus Warram" (i.e., William War- ham), who was Archbishop from a.d. 1.504-1532. The con- tents of this treatise consist of an introductory chapter relat- ing to the topographical division of England into counties, followed by an enumeration of the thirty-four counties into which England at that period was subdivided. It is diffi- cult to understand why the counties of Cumberland, Dur- ham, Lancashire, Monmouth, Northumberland, Rutland, and Westmoreland, should have been omitted. The list of monasteries is arranged in counties, according to the same order as on the county list ; and at the end of each county
iven a series of names of the castella contained in it.
C. Cotton. MS. Titus D. xn, ff. 38-42.— A smaller MS. than the others, but carefully copied from A., with a few variations and additions, as will be seen in the following col- lation. The MS. unfortunately ends at the middle of the list of monasteries in Bedfordshire. It appears to have been written at the end of the thirteenth, or at least in the early ] ii >rtion of the fourteenth century. Several leaves are missing at the end. The list in this MS. is preceded by a short list of the Kings of England, not continued after the death of Hi nry 111: and I am inclined to think from this, and the
aeral appearance of the handwriting, that it was written In- reign of King Edward I, a.d. 1272-1307.
COMPILED IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
4!)
B:— MS. COTTON., CLEOPATRA, A. XII, F. 46.
[De1 "partitione Angliceper comitatu.fi, et domibus religiosis in eis
contentis. J
C. Cantia C. Suthsexia ('. Suthereya C. Sutliamthon' C. Barksire C. Wiltesyre C. Dorsetesire C. Somerset esir' C. Devenesyr' C. Cornwallia 0. Kssexia C. Midelsexia
C. Suthfolk' C. Northfolk' C. Grantbreg' C. Lincolnesir' C. Leycestresir' C. Norhamton' C. Iluntindon' C. Herteford' ('. Bedeford' (J. Bukking' C. Oxeneford'
C. Gloucestr' C. Wircestre C. Hereford' C. Salopesb' C. Cestresir' C. Warewic C. Staffordsir' C. Derbisire C. Nothingeh' C. Everwichsir' C. Richemond'.
Hos itaque comitatus alio quiclam numerant ordine. Sed non est curandum quo online censcantur dummodo in summa triginta quatuor nmi excedant. Et Bupradicta vocabula non amittant. Reperturn est tames solummodo triginta duos quondam fuisse comitatus. Quia cum Anglia quondam in tres portioncs partita fuisset. Ad legem Westsax- oiinni pertinebant comitatus novem. Ad legem2 Merciorum pertine- bant3 similiter novem. Ad legem danorum comitatus quindecim. Qui simul juncti in summa Hunt triginta duo. Igitur de cancia nostra ejus- que continentia primo dicendum est, deinde de ceteris comitatibus ex ordine sicut superius annotata. Sciendum est autem quod pagina nostra in tres columpnas dividenda est, quarum pi'ima locorum conti- nent dignitates. Videlicet arcbiepiscopatus, episcopatus, abbatias et prioratus. Secunda vero loca tenebit et nomina locorum cujusve sit ipsa ecclesia sancti.4 Tertia autem demonstrabit cujus ordinis et babi- tus sint inbabitantes et ad quam pertineant matricem ecclesiam.5
CANTIA.
Arcbiepiscopatus. Cantuar', Sanctas Trinitatis Kpiscopatus Rofensis Sancti Andreas Abbatia . Extra Cautuariani Sancti Augustini „ . De faversham Sancti Salvatoris
„ . De Boxele Sanctas Marise
„ . De Lesnes Sancti Thoinas Martyris
,, . De Begeham, Marias
„ . De Langedone, S. Thomas Mart.
„ . De Bradesole Sanctas Radegund'
De Mallinges, S. Marias Dovor' Sancti Martini7 De (Jumbwelle, Marias Magd' . De Hortone, S. Johannis Ewangelistas De Folkestan', S. Eanswithas . De Leuesharn, S.
Prioiatus
Monachi nigri
Monachi albi Canonici nigri Canonici albi
Moniales nigras Monachi nigri Canonici nigri Monachi nigri8
9
»
10 5)
1 MS. B. This rubric omitted in the MS. C. 2 Legem vero, C.
6 Comitatus, C. 4 Cujusve sancti sit ipsa ecclesia, C.
"• Kcclesiain ; hoc modo, C. B Monachi nigri do Clun', C.
■ S. Marise et S. Martini, C. 8 De Clun',C. 9 De Luuley,C. 10 De Gaunt, C.
50
Prioratus
5> >J )>
.11a
Epi^copatus Abbatia
Prioratus
5)
j>
»
j> j»
5)
.iiatus Castella
Al batia
>> •
Prioratus
Castella Episcopatus
ON THREE LISTS OF MONASTERIES
Tunebreg' S.
Bancti Gregorii extra Cautuariam
Pe L( des, S. Nicholai .
Pe Bilsintone, S. Marise
Extra Cautuariam, S. Sepulchri
Be Scapeya, S. Sexburga
l»o Davinton', Magd' Pe Hecham,*S.
Canonici nigri Moniales nigrce
»
23.
stse
[lares secu- nigri
albi albi
Canonici Monachi Monachi
Canonici
Monachi
3> ))
Canonici nigri
nigri
Pouer, Cant', Rof, Saltwode, Cbileham, Tunebreg', Pedes, Leg- burne, Quinborouh.3
SVTHSEXIA.
Cicestria) Sanctte Trinitatis
Pe Pello Sancti Martini
Pe Ponte Roberti, S. MarisB
Pe Otteham, S. Laurencii
Pe Pereford, S. Johannis Papt
Pe Lewes, Sancti Pancracii
Pe Arondel, Sancti Nicholai
Pe Sele,5 Sancti Petri .
Pe Poxgrave, Sanctse Marise
Pe Tortintone, Sanctse Maria) Magdalenre
Pe Hastinges, Sanctse Trinitat
Pe Michelham, S.6
Pe Remstede, S.6
Pe Lullemenstre, S.6
Pe Ruspare, S.6
Pe Stenniges, S.6
16.
Cicestr1, Arondel, Breinbre, Lewes, Peuenese, SVTHEREIE.
Certeseia, Sancti Petri Waverle, Sanctse Marias Beremondeseye, Sancti Salvatoris Meretone, Sanctae Marise Suthewerk, Sanctse Marise Horsleghe, S.6
Goseford, Farnham, Plechingeleghe. SVTHAMTONIA. Wintonia, Sancti Swithuni et Sancti Petri
\*
.Moniales
Canonici
Hasting'.
nigrse
[lares secu-
Monachi nigri albi nigri8
Canonici nigri
Moniales nigra)
Monachi nigri
A:— MS. COTTON., VESPASIAN, A. XVIII, F. 157.
Abbatia
»
Hyde, Sancti Grirnbalde,9 Petri et Pauli . Monachi nigri
Romesye, Sanctse iMarise et Sancta) Eylfledse1 Moniales nigra) Wintonia, Sanctse Maria) et Sanctse iEdburgse2 Werewelle, Sanctse Crucis et Sancti Petri
Magd', omitted, C. 2 Heyham, C. 1 i.evburn', Tonge, Eynesford, C. ' Nigri de Clun', C.
Attu Sole, C.
8. Marise Magdalenee, C.
7 Peuenessel, C.
8 Nigri de Clun', C.
9 Columbani et, B.
1 Elfredse, P ; Ethelnedac, C.
- Eadburgse, C.
COMPILED IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
51
Abbatia
Prioratus
Abbatia
Prioratus
H 11
Castella
Abbatia
Prioratus
»
Casttdla
Ambresberi, Sancta) Maria) . [BaptistBB
Pyreburae, Sanctse Marise et Sancti Johannis
De quadrana in Wytht, S. Marise Magdalense1
Dc Carobroc in Wytht, 8. Maria) Magdalense1
1 1 amele, Sancti Andrea)
De Cristccherche, S. Maria) Magdalense1
Sancti Dionisii
De Lromorc,3 Sancta) Trinitatis
L3.4
Wynton', Hampton', Porcestre, Carebrok.
BARCSYRE.
Redinge, Sancti Jacobi Abindone, Sancta) Maria) Ilernleya, Sancta) Maria) Walingeford, Sancta) Trinitatis llamme, S. Mariae Magdalense8 Bromhale, S. Maria) Magdaleua)6 Winlesores.
G.
Moniales alba) Monachi nigri
Monachi grisii Canonici nigri
[de Clun'5 Monachi nigri Monachi nigri „ Westmonast' „ SanctiAlbani Moniales nigra)
Episcopatus Abbatia
Prioratus n
11 Castella
WILTESYRE.
Salesberia, Sancti Petri
Malmesber', Sancti Aldelmi .
Stanlege, Sancta) Maria)
Wiltonia), Sancta) Maria) et Sancta) vEdita)
Franlege,8 Sancta) Maria) Magdaleua)9
Bradestoke, Sancta) Marise Brioptune, S. Maria) Magdalense1 Bromhore, Sancti Michaelis Iuecherche,2 S. .
Salesber', Marleberg'3
9.
|
. Canonici |
[lares secu- |
|
. Monachi m |
nigri albi7 |
|
. Moniales nigra) Monachi nigri deClun' Monachi nigri |
|
|
Canonici nigri |
|
|
)> |
|
|
)> |
Abbatia
ii »
ii
Prioratus
ii Castella
DORSETESIRE.1
Sireburne, Sancti Petri
Mideltone, Sanctse Maria) et Sancti Samsonis Ceruel, Sancti4 Petri et Sancti4 Athelwoldi Abotcsberi, Sancti Petri . [dalena5
Binedone vel Stokewode de Sancta Maria Mag- Scet'tesbery, Sancti iEdwardi Martyris Warham, Sancta) Maria) de Lira6 Camesterne, Sancta) Maria) Magdalena)7 Corfe, Syreburne, Dorcestre.
Monachi nigri >»
;■>
ii
Monachi albi Moniales nigra) Monachi nigri Moniales alba)
1 S. Maria) Magdalena), omitted, B. 2 Brummore, B.; Brommore, C.
3 Prioratus, — De Montisfont, S. Trinitatis ; Canonici nigri, C.
6
These totals only occur in the B. MS Maria) Magdaleua), omitted, B.
! Famlege, B, C.
1 Maria) Magdalena), omitted, B.
3 Marleberg', omitted, B, C.
5 De Sancta Maria Magdalena, omitted, B.
7 Maria) Magdalena), omitted, B.
5 De Clun', omitted, B. 7 Nigri, B. 9 Maria) Magdalena), omitted, B. 2 Iuucherithe, B.
4 B ; omitted, A. G De Lira, omitted, 1».
52
OX THREE LISTS OF MONASTERIES
Episcopatus
Abbatia
Prioratus
5) 5> 55 II
55 •5 55
55
Becauatus
Prioratus
Castella
SUMERSBTESTRE.
Bathoniae, Sancti Petri et Pauli Glastingebery, Sanctae Marias .
Ethelingeeya, Sancti Petri et Athelwyui1 Muchelneya, Sancti Petri Fareleya, Sanctae Mariae Magdalenae . Bristowe, Sancti Jacobi Stoke, Sancti At.dreae Keynesliam, Sanctae Mariae Bristowe, Sancti Augustini Bekelande3
Tantone, Sancti Petri et Pauli1 Beanve, Sanctae Mariae et Sancti iEdwini Canintone, Sanctae Marias Welles, Sancti Andreae Muntagu, Sancti Petri et Pauli4 Tantone, Bristowe, Breggewater.5
14.
Monachi nigri
5! 55 55 55
„[deClun'- .Monachi nigri Cauonici nigri
Monialesnigrae
,, [lares
Canonici secu-
Monachi nigri
[de Cluu'
Episcopatus Abbatia
Prioratus
)>
55 55 55 55 55 55 55 5'
Castella
DEVENESTRE.
Excestre, Sancti Petri Tauestoke, Sanctae Mariae Forde, Sanctae Mariae . Bucfestre, Sanctae Mariae Clyue, Sanctae Mariae Magdalenae7 Torre, Sancti Salvatoris Hertilaunde, Sancti Nectani Excestre, Sancti Nicholai Excestre, Sancti Jacobi Cuich, Sancti Andreae . Toteneys, Sanctae Mariae Molery, Sancti Gregorii Sancti Michaelis de Monte Piltoni, S. . . [lenae
De Bernestaple, Sanctae Mariae Magda- Othery, Sanctae Mariae Plumtone, Sancti Petri et Pauli Patrislo,4 Sanctae Katerinse Berdlescume, S. Exon',5 Toteneys, Dunster.
19.
Canonici seculares Monachi nigri
6
55
Monachi albi Canonici nigri „ albi 55 nigri Monachi nigri de Bell*8 de Cam pis9
Becci1 de Angers'3
de Malinesb'3 de Carnpis
Canonici nigri Moniales nigrae Canonici nigri
Prioratus
55 55 55
CORNUBIA.
Trualardret, Sancti Andreae Sancti Michaelis de Monte Sancti Cyriaci . Sancti Antonii
[de Angirs
Monachi nigri
Monachi nigri
,, [de Angers
Monachi nigri
1 Et Athelwini, omitted, B. De Clun\ omitted,B.; DeLonley,C.
3 '
:
Omitted, B, C. Et Pauli, omitted, B. Breggewater, omitted, B, C. Monachi albi, C. Magdalenae, omitted, B.
8 De Bell', omitted, B.
9 De Campis, omitted, B. Becci, omitted, B.
De Angers, omitted. B. De Malmesb', omitted, B. Polsio, B.; Polslo, C. Exon'. omitted, B.
COMPILED IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
53
Prioratus
»
Castclla
Abbatia
n )>
Prioratus
» )1
1>
Castclla
Episcopatus
Abbatia
Prioratus
j> •
>) «
n
Decanatus Castclla
Abbatia Prioratus
Sancfci Andr< se de Talcarn Sanctse Marise del Val
Sancti Michael is de Magno Monte Sancti Nicholai extra Core in Insula Sulli Lanstauestone, Sancti Stepbani Romirye, Sancti Petri Lanstauenestone, Treinetone, Tintagel.
10.
ESTSEX'.
Colecestria, Sancti Johannis Raptistse
Coggeshale, Sanctse Marise
Tiliteye, Sancta? Marise
Stratford, Sancta; Marise
Chich, Petri, Pauli, et Sanctse Osithse1
Walham,2 Sanctse Crucis
Rerkinge, Sanctse Marise et Sanctse yEdburgse
Waledone, Sancti Jacobi
Stanesgate, S.
Pritelwelle, Sanctse Marise
Ethfeld Episcopi, S.
Etbfeld Regis, S.
Colum, Sanctse Marise
Monachi nigri „ [deAngers Monachi nigri
Canonici nigri
Ethfield Peverel, Sancta? Marise
Colecestre, Sancti Botulfi Dunmowe, Sanctse Marise Ginge Attestone, S. Sopwike, Sanctse Maria; Colecestre, Plesys, Hingeham, Angre, Waledene
18.
MIDDELSEXE.
Londonia?, Sancti Pauli Westmenstre, Sancti Petri Alegate, Sanctse Trinitatis Smethefel, Sancti Rartholomei Halewelle, Sancti Johannis Raptistse Clerekenewelle, Sanctse Marise Keleburne, Sanctse Marise Stratford, Sancti Leonardi
Monachi nigri Monachi albi
Canonici nigri
■>■> Moniales nigra; Monachi nigri
„ deClun'* Monachi nigri
» Monachi nigri
de Abindon''1 Monachi nigri deSto.Albano5 Canonici nigri
Moniales nigrse
[lares Canonici secu- Monachi nigri Canonici nigri
Moniales nigra?
Sancti Martini6 Turris Lond', Reynardi.
9.
SVTHFOLKE.
Sancti JEdmundi9 Silbetone, Sanctse Marise Eya, Sancti Petri
Clara vel Stoke, Sancti Johannis Raptiste
Moniales alba?7 Clerici scculares8 Clerici secula- [res
Monachi nigri
Monachi nigri de Rernay
Monachi nigri Recci
1 Ositha? Virginis, C. 2 Walthara, R. 3 De Clun', omitted, R
4
8 9
5 De Sancto Albano, omitted, R.
6 Martini Magni Lond', R. De Abindon', omitted, R. 7 Moniales alba?, omitted, C. ■-, Moniales nigra?, with Clerici secularcs, omitted, C. / "R iEdmundi Regis et Martiris, R. /^,
'efCEN
u
&
54
ON THREE LISTS OF MONASTERIES
Prioratus
33 ?>
33 33 31 » 33 33 33
33
Castella
Monachi nigri
„ Westm'
„ Rofenses ,,deColecestre Canonici nigri
Waugeford, S. Rumbuth, Sancti Michaelis Suthbery, Sancti Rartholomei Waletone, Sancti Fclicis Snapes, Sanctre Maria? Gypewitb, Sanctse Trinitatis Item Gipewiz, Sancti Petri et Pauli1 Briesete, Sancti Leonardi Liteburch, Sancta? Marise Buthele, Sancta? Maria? Leystone, Sancta? Maria? Redlinfed, S.
Oreford, Heye, Clara, Liegate, Waletone, Bungeye, Franieling- ham.
16.
»
Moniales nigral
NORFOLKE.
Episcopatus Northwych, Sanctse Trinitatis
Abbatia . Holm, Sancti Benedicti
„ . Dierham, Sancta? Maria?
Prioratus . Horsham, Sancta? Maria?3
„ . De Wimundeham, Sancta? Maria1
. Binham, Sancta? Maria?
. Bromholuie, Sancti Sepulcri
. Tetford,5 Sancti Andrea?
. Castelacre, Sancta? Maria?
. Wirham, Sancti Winewale
. Tetford, Sancta? Maria? et Sancti Johannis
. Westacre, Sancta? Maria? et Omnium Sanctorum
. Panteneya, Sancta? Maria? Magdalena?
. Walsinham, Sancta? Maria?
. Gogesford,6 S.
. Soldeham, Sancta? Crucis et Sancta? Maria?
. Budham,7 Sancta? Maria?
. Bukeham,8 Sancti Jacobi
. Tedford, Sancti Gregorii
„ . Karro, Sancta? Maria?
Castella . Acre,1 Risinge, Bukeham.
21.
33 33 33 33 3) 33 33 )3 33 33 33 33 33
Monachi nigri
33_
Canonici albi Monachi nigri
de Clinches4 Monachi nigri
Sancti Albani
33
„ Cluniacenses
„ de M'treil Canonici nigri
33 33 33 33
Moniales alba? Canonici nigri
Moniales nigra?9
Episcopatus
Abbatia
Prioratus
3) 33
33
Castella
GRANTEBREGE.2
Ucly, Sancti Petri et Sancta? Etheldrida? Thorneya, Sancta? Maria? Suauesithe, S.
Bernewelle, Sancti Andrea? et Sancti Egidii3 Grantebregge, Sancta? Radegundis Checherich, S. Suafham
Grantebregge et Herewardi.
4.
Monachi nigri
Canonici nigri Moniales nigra?
33 33
1 Et Pauli, omitted, B. 4 Conchis, B. c Cogesford, B.
2 Albi, B, C. 3 pidiSj B> q s Theford, B. 7 Bridham, B. Rukeham, B. ° Nigra?. Prioratus Bugenham S. ... Canonici nigri, B.
' Norwig, Acre, B. 3 %t Saucti Egidii, omitted, B.
' Irantebregesire, 1!.
COMPILED IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
55
Episcopatus Abbatia
>>
5) >) >) »
» J» J> 5) J) >J 3)
Prioratus
3)
))
>> JJ )>
Castella
Abbatia
5)
Prioratus
15
Castella.2
Abbatia
LINCOLNIA.1
Lincolnia;, Sancttc Marias Bardencya, Sancti Osvvaldi Rcuesbi, Sancta; Maria) Ludepark, Sancta; Maria; Kyrkostcde, Sancta; Maria; Swincsheued, Sancta; Maria; Valdcu, Sancta; Maria; Tortitone,2 Sancta; Maria; Brunne, S.
Siuipliugeham, Sancta; Marias Heuerholaue,3 Sancta; Maria; Catteleya,4 Sancta; Maria; Sixle,5 Sancta; Maria; . Bulintone, Sancta; Marias Tupeholnie, Sancta; Maria; Stikeswet,0 Sancta; Maria; Afingeham, Sancta; Marias Onnesbi, S. Cotune, Sancta; Maria; Newehus, Sancti Marcialis Frisitun, S. Beaucr, Sancta; Maria;
Depinge, S. ...
Stamford, Sancta; Marine ct Sancti Nicholai Noketune pare', Sancta; Maria; Magdalense Grimmesbi, Sancti Augustini Thorholme,7 S. Helesham, S. Thorkeseye, S. Oxeneys, S. Stanesfeld, S. Grenesfeld, Sanctse Marise Grimmesby, Sancti Leonardi Nicole, Clifford,9 Brunne, Stanford, Bihiim.
33.
LEYCESTRE.1
[lares Canonici secu- Monachi nigri Monachi albi
Canonici nigri „ [Moniales Canonici albi et
>5 5J
Canonici albi Canonici albiet ,, [Moniales
Canonici albi Monachi nigri Monachi nigri Sancti Albani Monachi nigri
?> Canonici nigri
?> >j
j) ))
Moniales nigra;8
Swinesheued.
|
Cumbe, Sanctse Marise |
Monachi albi |
|
|
Gerewedone, Sancta; Mariae |
5) |
|
|
Legecestre, Sancta; Maria; |
Canonici nigri |
|
|
Berewedone, S. |
)) |
|
|
Calc, S. |
j> |
|
|
Osuluestone, S. |
>> |
|
|
Landa, S. |
>' |
|
|
Stane, S. 8. |
, Moniales nigra; |
|
|
NRTHAMTONE.3 |
||
|
Bruch, Sancti Petri |
. Monachi nigri |
|
|
Pipewelle, Sanctse Marise |
. Monachi albi |
1 Lincolnesire, B.
- Turintone, B, C.
3 Heuerholme, B.
4 (Jatteleya, B.
5 Ryxle, B.
6 Stikeswald.B; Stikeswell,C. - Thorkilme, B.
" Canonici nigri, B.
a Clifford, omitted, B. 1 Leicestresire, B. '- Leycestrie, B. 3 Northauitoncsiic. V>>
56
ON THREE LISTS OF MONASTERIES
Abbatia
Prioratus
Abbatia Prioratus
j>
11
ii Castella
Bidlesdene. Sanctae Marias
Northaratone, Sancti Jacobi .
De Withrop, S.
Northaintone, Sancti Andrea)
Davintrc. Sancti Augustiui Anglorum Apostoli'
Luffeld, Sancta; Maria'
Sulebi, Sancta; Marise
Sancti Michaelis
Sausecurnbe, Sancti Petri
Northamtunc, Sanctse Marias .
Cateby, Novus Locus, Sancti Thoma; Martiris
Sewardesleghe, Sancta; Marise Magdalena; _ . Sancti Dewy, Sancta; Trinitatiset Sancta; Maria? Gare, Sancta; Maria; Magdalena; Northaratone, Rokingeham, Benigfeld, Arderin
16.
Monachi albi Canonici nigri Monachi nigri
„ de Glim"
i
ii
Canonici albi Monachi nigri
Canonici nijjri Moniales nigi a; Moniales de Siplingeham Moniales nigra; Canones nigri Moniales nigra;
Abbatia
u
Prioratus
ii Castella
HVNTINDVNE.3
Rameseya, Sancti Benedicti . Croylonde, Sancti Guthlaci Saltcreya, Sancta; Maria; Seynt Yve4
lluntindone, Sancta; Maria3 Sancti Neoti
6.
Monachi nigri
Monachi albi Monachi nigri Canonici nigri Monachi nigri
Abbatia
ii Prioratus
ii ii
Castella
Abbatia
Prioratus »
Castella
HERTFORD.5
Sancti Albani Martyris6
De Burtone, Sancta; Maria;
Herteforde, S. . . [nis Baptista;
De Bello Loco, Sancta; Maria; et Sancti Johan-
De Mirdoalle, Sancta; Maria; .
Chille, S. ....
Chiltre, S. ....
Hertel'ord. 5.
BEDEFORDE.8
Wardun, Sancta; Maria;
Woburn, Sancta; Maria;
Chikesand, Sancta; Maria?
Helenstoy, S.
Dunstaple, Sancti Petri
Neuport, S.
Beauliu, Sancta; Maria; Magdalena;
De Prato, Sancta; Maria;
Caldewelle, Sancti Johannis Baptista;
Hanewode, Sancti Petri
Merelawc, S.
^\ alingeford, Bedeford.
11.
Monachi nigri Monachi7 Monachi nigri
ii Canonici nigri7 Moniales nigra;
Monachi albi
,, [Moniales Canonici albi et Moniales nigra; Canonici nigri Monachi nigri „ deSanctoAl- ,, [bano Canonici nigri9 Moniales nigra;
1 De Clun', omitted, B. 4 Sancti Yvonis, B.
- Anglorum Apostoli, omitted, B. 5 Hertefordsire, B.
1 Buntindunesire, B. G Prothomartyris Anglia;, B.
These lines omitted, B; left blank in C, with Abbatia and Prioratus only. ' Bedeturdsire, 1». 9 The C. MS. cuds abruptly here.
COMPILED IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
r —
5/
»
BVKLNGEHAM.1
Abbatia . Messindene, Sanctae Mariae
. De Parecrendune, S. .
. Nuthlc, Sanctae Maries
. Laundcne, Sanctae Mariae
Prioratus . Bradewelle, Sanctae Mariae
„ . Tekeford, Sanctoe Maria)
. Ankcrnewike, Sanctae Mariae Magdalenae
Castella . Laundcne, Bokingcham, Hameslepe.
7.
Canonici nigri
Canonici albi Monachi nigri
>) Monialcs nigra)
OXENEFORD.2
Abbatia . Eynesham, Sanctae Mariae
. La Bryuere, Sanctae Mariae
. Thame, Sanctae Mariae
. Oscne, Sanctae Maria) . . [Briccij
. Dorkcestre, Sanctorum Petri ct Pauli, et Saucti
. Godestowe, Sanctae Mariae Prioratus . Coges, S. ...
. Saucumbe, Sanctae Mariae
. Oxeneford, Sanctae Fredeswythae
. Nortune, S. ...
. Stolege, Sanctae Mariae
. Garinge, Sanctae Mariae
Liclemor, S. ...
. Brackele, Sanctae Mariae Castella . Oxeneford, Banebery, Middeltone, Rokyngeham dillintone,3 Badintone. 14.
jj »
jj jj » >j jj jj
Monachi nigri Monachi albi
Canonici nigri
Moniales nigrae Monachi nigri Canonici nigri
Moniales nigrae
Canonici nigri >4 Rukeby, Me-
Abbatia
jj
jj Prioratus
jj Castella
GLOVCESTRE.0
Gloucestre, Sancti Petri
Theokesbery, Sanctae Mariae . . [elmi
Wynchecumbe, Sanctae Mariae et Sancti Ken-
Kyngeswode, Sanctae Mariae .
Chiringecestre, Sanctae Mariae7
Dierherste, S.
Lantouenay, Sanctae Mariae
Gloucestre, Sancti Oswaldi
Niwettone8 ....
Gloucestre.
8.
Monachi nigri
Monachi albi Canonici nigri Monachi nigri Canonici nigri
jj_ Monachi nigri
WYRICESTRE.9
Episcopatus Wyricestre,1 Sanctae Mariae et Sancti Wlstani
Abbatia . Evesham, Sanctae Mariae et Sancti Egwini3
,, . Persore, Sanctae Mariae et Sanctae iEdburgae4
„ . Alnecestre, Sancti Johannis Baptistae
„ . Bordelege, Sanctae Mariae
Monachi nigri
Monachi albi
1 Buckirjgehamsire, B. 1 Oxenefordsire, B.
3 Ec Sancti Briccij, omitted, B.
4 Rokyngeham, omitted, B. ' Medillintone, omitted, B. 6 Glouccstrcoirc, B.
7 Sancti Jacobi, B.
8 Omitted, B. 9 Wircestresire, B.
1 Wilecestriae, B.
2 Et Sancti Wlstani, omitted, B.
3 Et Sancti Egwini, omitted, B.
4 Et Sanctae iEdburgae, omitted, B.
58
Prioratus
ON THREE LISTS OF MONASTERIES Malverne Major, Sancta; Maria;
» »>
n
Castclla
Episcopatua
Abbatia
l'rioratus
>>
Egidii
» Castella
5)
Prioratus
5>
5>
Castclla
.Malverne Minor, Sanct Elnecestre, S, Stodlege, S. Westwode, S. Cochelle. S. Aumelege,1 Wyrecestre
11.
HEREFORD.2
riereford, Sancta; Maria? et Sancti Atheberti . Wiggeuiore, Sancti Jacobi Dore, fcancta; Maria; Leornenstre, Sancti Jacobi
Herford, Sancti Petri et Pauli Bartone, S. ....
Clifford, Sancta; Maria? . . [laci
Hereford, Sancti Petri et Pauli et Sancti Guth- Monemue, Sanctse Maria; et Sancti Florentii .
Monachi nigri
Canonici nigri
»
Moniales nigra;
Moniales alba;
[lares Canonici secu- Canonici nigri Monachi albi Monachi nigri
de Reding' Monachi nigri
,, de Clun' Moniales nigra? Monachi nigri
de Savin'3 Moniales alba;
Acornebery, Sancta; Katerinaa
Lingebroke, S. . »
, De Kilpek ....
Ewyas Haraldi'' ....
. Hereford, Kilpek, Ewyas Haraldi, Ewyas Laci, Grosmunde, Skene- freid, Castrum Album, Monemue, Gotrig', Wiltone, Clifford, Wite'neie, Huntindone, Herdeleye, Wigmorre, Radenowere, Keueuenleis, Ledebure North, Seynt Breuel.5 11.
SALOPESYRE.
Abbatia . Salopesbery, Sancti Petri et Pauli, et Sancta; Monachi nigri
Beldewas, Sancta; Maria; [M
Curnbemere, Sancta; Maria;
Lilleshelle, S. Hageman, Sancta; Maria; Wenelok, Sancta; Milburga;
Stoue, Sancti Michaelis Dudelege, S. Brumfeld, S. Wyggemor
Bruges, Salopesbery, Holgod, Corfham, Ludelaue, Ellesmere, Cave,8 Blancmustcr, ij°. 10.
lburgse0
Monachi albi Canonici nigri Canonici albi Monachi nigri
de Clun1 Monachi nigri
Canonici albi
Ep'atus
Abbatia
CESTRE.9
Cestre, Sancti Johannis Cestre, Sanctse Wereburga; Leulacresse, Sancta; Maria;
[lares Canonici secu- Monachi nigri
albi
3 Clun', B.
Wirecestre, Aunelege, B. 2 Hereford si re, B.
l'rioratus de Kilpek ; Prioratus Ewyas Haraldi, omitted, B.
Hereford, Ricardi, Kylpek. Ros, Wigemore, B.
Et Sanctse Milburgas, omitted, B. 7 Monachi albi, B.
1 a ...'/- 1 real plo ughed oj\\ B.
0 Cestresire, B.
COMPILED IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY.
5.9
Prioratus
Castella
Abbatia
Prioratus )>
Castella
Brckcheucd, Sancti Jacobi
Nortone, S.
Ccstrc, Sanctae Mariae
Ccstre.
6.
WAREWICH.1
Bordeslege, Sanctae Mariae Staulege, Sanctae Mariae CumbeSj Sanctae Mariae Mirewasis," Sanctae Mariae Coventre, Sanctae Mariae Warewyc, S. Keniugleworthe, S. Workeshale, S. Kingeswode, S. Keningleworthe, Warewich.
9.
Canonici nigri
»
Monachi albi
Monachi nigri Canonici nigri
)> Moniales nigr*
STAFORDSYRE.
Abbatia . Burtone,SanctaeMariaeetSanctaeModwennae Fuit Episcopatus.3 Likefelde, S. Prioratus . Tuttenbery, S.
„ . Lappele, Sancti Remigii
. Feyrewelde,5 Sanctae Mariae . . Stane, Sancti Wlfati . „ . Briuerne, Sanctae Mariae
„ . Briwerne, Sancti Leonardi
„ . Polesworthe, Sanctae iEdithae
„ . Catune, S.
Repedune, Sanctae Mariae
Castella.6
Prioratus
Castella
Abbatia Prioratus )>
3)
Monacbi nigri Canonici4 Monacbi nigri
?) Moniales nigrae Canonici nigri Monacbi nigri Moniales albae Moniales nigrw
Canonici nigri
11.
DERBISYRE.
Derelege, vel Greseleghe, S. Dereby, Sancti Jacobi Derebi, Sanctae Mariae De Fauerwelle, Sanctae Mariae De Pollewerke, Sanctae Editbae
3.
NOTINGEHAM.9
RufFord in Sirewode, Sanctae Mariae .
Lentone, Sanctae Trinitatis
Blitbe, Sanctae Mariae
Turgartone, Sancti Petri
Rodeford, Sanctae Mariae et Sancti Cutbberti1
Canonici nigri
Monacbi nigri Moniales nigrae
Monachi albi „ nigri deClun' Monachi nigri Canonici nigri
1 Warwicsire, B. 2 Mirevallis, B. 3 Prioratus, B.
4 Canonici scculares, B. 5 Syrewelle, B.
6 In Camden's handwriting : " Hely, Novum Castrum, Staff', Duddeley, Tut- bury, Chartley, Edeshale." On the outer margin, against the priories, the same hand has written : "Trentham, Sanctus Thomas juxta Staff', Rouecestre, Hil- ton." " Warr." opposite to Polesworthe, " Derb." to Repedune.
7 Monachi nigri, B. 8 The last two lines omitted, B.
9 Notingehamsire, B. ' Et Sancti Cuthberti, omitted, B.
60
ON THREE LISTS OF MONASTERIES
Prioratus
Castclla
Niwstede in Syrwode, S. Wolebech,1 Sancti Jacohi Notingehain. 7.
EWEREWICSYRE.
Archiepiscopatus. Eboraci, Sanctae Mariae .
Episcopatus J)unelmi, Saucti Cuthberti
Abbatia . Eboraci, Sanctae Mariae
„ . Selebi, Sancti Germani
. Ilwytebi, Sancti Petri et Sanctae Hildae
. Melsa in Iloldernesse, Sanctae Mariae
. Furneyse, Sanctae Mariae
„ . Wattone, S. ...
„ . Wichain, S. ...
„ . Beylaunde, Sanctae Mariae
„ . Rivaus, Sanctae Mariae
,, . Rokes, Sanctae Mariae
„ . Salley, Sanctae Mariae
„ . Kerkestale, Sanctae Mariae
„ . Funteynes, Sanctae Mariae
„ . Girwaus, Sanctae Mariae
Prioratus . Eboraci, Sanctae Trinitatis . fgelistae2
. Ponfreyt vel Kerkebi, Sancti Johannis Euuan-
. Bartone, Sanctae Mariae
. Wartres, Sancti Jacobi
Canonici nigri
[lares Canonici secu- Monachi nigri
Monachi albi
„ [Moniales Canonici albiet
55
Monachi albi
55 )) )»
Monachi nigri ,, de Clun' Monachi nigri Canonici nigri:i
5) J> >' 5> 55 55 55 55 55 55
55
Castella
13 :— MS. COTTON"., CLEOPATRA, A. XII, F. 46.
. Bridlintone, Sancti Xicholai
. Martone, S.
. Adrax, Sancti Nicholai
Kirkeham, Sanctae Trinitatis . Keweburgh, Sanctae Mariae . Blithe, Sanctae Katherinae . Giseburne, Sanctae Mariae . Nostle, Sancti Oswaldi . Meaultone, Sanctae Mariae . Eboraci infra Civitatem, Sancti Clementis . Swine in Holdernesse, S. . Kellinge, Sanctae Mariae et Sanctae Helenae . Eadingeham, Sanctae Mariae . Molsebi, Sancti Johannis Apostoli . Dove, Sanctae Mariae .
Russedale, S. ...
. Suinitheit, Sanctae Mariae . Eboraci, Richemont, Punfreit, Meaultone, Scardeburg, Pike-
ringe, Steltone,Tychehelle, Kuuingburgh, Seruelton, Midel-
hani. 37.
Monachi nigri Canonici nigri
Canonici albi Moniales nigrae
Moniales albae Moniales nigrae Moniales albae
Abbatia
Prioratus
RICIIEMONDSIRE.
Ilolincoltram, Sanctae Mariae
Richemont, Sanctae Agathae .
Covenham
Eglestone, Sanctae Mariae
Richemont, Sancti Martini
Monachi albi Canonici albi
Monachi nigri
' Welebec, B. 2 Euuangelistae, omitted, B.
1 Tlic A. MS. cuds abruptly here, at the bottom of the folio, the concluding leave- having l>cen lost.
COMI'II.KI) IN TIIK THNlThKXTII I'KNTI'KV.
Gl
|
Prioratua |
. Lancastre, S. . |
|
>> |
Woderhale, Sanctie Trinitatis |
|
') |
Egremont, Sanctsc Brigidse |
|
)> |
Cardoil, Sancta; Maries |
|
>» |
Coneghesheaved, Sancti Leonardi |
|
>) |
Elintone, S. . |
|
?* |
Marrig, Sancti Andrese |
|
») |
Engleswode, Sanctas Marise |
|
» |
Kanepol, Sancta> Maria; |
|
14. |
|
|
TERRA SANCTI CVTI |
|
|
Episcopatus |
Dunehnensis, Sancti Cuthberti |
|
Abbatia |
Morpathe, Sanctsc Marise |
|
Prioratus |
May vel Sigeberghe, S. |
|
j> ■ |
Farneyland, 8. |
|
)> |
Tynenmthe, Sancti Oswaldi |
|
>) • |
Brenkeburgb, S. |
|
>> |
Alnewik, S. 7. |
|
LAVDLAN". |
Abbatia
J) ))
35 )) »
Prioratus
3J
Episcopatus Abbatia
" Prioratus
Abbatia
Prioratus Abbatia . Prioratus Abbatia
Newbotle, Sanctse Mariaj Maylros, Sanctaj Marise Dreyeburgb, S. Kelzbo, Sanctaj Marise
Rokesburgh, S. Caldestream, S. Edeneburgb, S. Goddewrtbe, S. Goldingebarn, S. Hadiutone, S. Suth Berewik, S. Nortb Berewik, S. Eccles, S.
m scocia.
Sancti Andrese
Dunf'erinelin, Sanctse Trinitatis
Strevelin, S.
De May, De Readinge
In Insula, Sancti Columbse
De Lundres, S.
Be Pert, S. De Scone, S. De Nostinot, S. De Cupre Aberbrotbot
§ Episcopatus Dunkeldre, Sancti Columkille ,, . De Brechin
„ . De Aberde[en]
„ . De Munrene
Prioratus
1S72
De Hurcarde
Monachi nisni
Canonici nigri
Moniales nigrsc
Canonici albiet [Moniales
Monachi nigri Monachi albi Monachi nigri
Monachi nigri
Alban' Canonici nigri Canonici albi
Monachi albi
»> Canonici albi Monachi nigri
de Tyrun Canonici nigri Moniales nigrse Canonici nigri Monachi nigri
>> Moniales albse
Moniales nigra? Moniales albse
[Keldei Canonici nigri, Monachi ni^ri Canonici nigri Monachi nigri Canonici nigri Monachi nigri
de Tyron Moniales nigraj Canonici nigri
Monachi albi Monachi de Ty- ron [Keldei Canonici nigri, Keledei
[lares
Canonici secu-
Monachi nigri
deDunfermlin
9
62
<»N THREE LISTS OF MONASTERIES
Abbatia
§ Episcopatus
Abbatia
§
A ' atia
<; Episcopatus
§ Episcopatus
Abbatia
Abbatia
j>
Prioratus ?> >> »
11 11 11 11 »
|
De Kinlos |
Monachi albi |
||
|
De Ros ... |
Keledei [lares |
||
|
De Glascu |
Canonici secu- |
||
|
Sancti Kinewini |
MonachideTy- |
||
|
De Galeweye . |
[ron |
||
|
De Candida Casa |
Monachi albi |
||
|
M. |
Monachi nigri |
||
|
De Dublin |
Keledei |
||
|
De Katenesio . |
jj |
||
|
De Argiul |
>! |
||
|
In Insula .... |
11 |
||
|
IN WALLIA : MENEVENSIS. |
|||
|
De Blanka Landa, Sanctae Marire |
Monachi albi |
||
|
De Strata Florida, Sanctae Mariae |
11 |
||
|
De Curuhir, hoc est Vallis Longa |
■ )) |
||
|
De Premustre |
Canonici albi |
||
|
De Lanter |
Moniales albce |
||
|
De Lantonay |
Canonici nigri |
||
|
De Castello Haraldi |
. Monachi nigri |
||
|
De Brachino |
,, de Belle |
||
|
De Langele |
. Monachi nigri |
||
|
De Redeli |
• n |
||
|
De Sancto Claro |
• 11 |
||
|
De Penbroc |
11 |
||
|
De Kardigan |
11 |
||
|
De Kannekil |
11 |
||
|
De llaverford |
. |
. Canonici nigri |
LANDAF.
Abbatia
n n
Prioratus
n '>
11 11 11 11
De Meath De Morgan De Carlion De Tynterne De Castello Birig De Ywein De Kaerdif, S. De Penard, S. De Novo Burgo De Bassele, S. De Goldclive, S. De Strugoil, S. De Bergeveni
Monachi albi
»
Monachi nigri
n
11 11 11 11 11 11
Abbatia
ii ii
SANCTI ASAF.
De la Pole, Sanctas Mariae De Valle Crucis, Sanctae Maria; De Com, Sanctae M arise De lludham
Monachi albi
Moniales albae
Abbatia
Prioratus
BANGOR.
Aberconwach
De Ketuer . . De Basiugwerc De Insula llcnli De Ennisenoo .
Monachi albi
11
ii
ii
Monachi nigri
COMPILED IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. G3
The antiquary Leland, in his Itinerary (vol. viii, pp. 63- 68, and p. 75), has preserved many extracts from what he calls a "libellus incerti auctoris de comitatibus, episcopati-
bus, et monasteriis AngliaB." A marginal note says : "Jam comperi ipsum Gervasium [monachum Cantuariensem] hoc opusculum scripsisse postquam absolverat historiam quam scripsit de regibus Anglise et archiepiscopis Cautuariensi- 1ms." This treatise, which he states to be the production of Gervase of Canterbury, evidently contains the original groundwork on which the above lists are founded ; the pre- face consisting of an account of the thirty-four shires, and the religious houses being arranged under counties which observe the same order as they do in the lists I have col- lated. As Gervase of Canterbury brings down his chronicle to the concluding years of the twelfth century, and was con- temporary with the period he illustrates, his list would natu- rally not contain any notice of religious establishments founded subsequently to that period. Hence we find that the list given by Leland is very imperfect when compared with those above. In addition to religious houses, Leland's list contains notices of the aquce dulces, or rivers, hospitals, and castles in certain shires ; and for the sake of compari- son I here give a verbatim transcript of the portion referring to Sussex :
"IN SOUTH-SAX.
"Abbot: de Otteham, 8. Laurentii. Can. albi.
Trior : Arundell, S. Nicholas. Monachi nigri.
Prior: Atescle, £. Petri. Monachi nigri.
Prior : Boregrave, S. Martini ; Mon. nigri. Tortington, S. Maria? Magdalense ; Can. nigri.
Trior: Hastings, S. Trinitatis. Can. nigri.
Trior: Remsted. Moniales nigrce.
Prior: Lnlleminster. Moniales nigrce.
Prior: Rospere. Moniales nigrce.
1 1, ,:iini/i/s Stoning: Clerici secul. Hospitale S. Jacobi : leprosi Cices- trise. Haling insula.
Aquas dulces in South-Sex: Limene, Medeway, Ichene, Chievn, aqua de Kneppe, aqua de Bradeham. Castle at Bodiani."
It is evident that the compiler of the later lists took a copy of that here ascribed by Leland to Gervase, perhaps from the phrase "ex Cancia nostra" m the prefatory portion, and adapted it to his purpose by inserting the names of additional monasteries, and cutting out all the other notices,
G4
OK THREE LISTS OF MONASTERIES, ETC.
with the exception of the names of the castella. The Cot- tonian MS.. Julius, C. VI, contains several leaves of the ori- ginal extracts by Leland, as printed in the Itinerary.
'rainier, in his Not it la Monastica, quotes from Leland's extracts the names of several monasteries that cannot be identified ; and SirT. D. Hardy, in his Descriptive Catalogue MSS. (vol. ii, p. 536, No. 705), mentions a fourteenth century MS. in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (No. ccccxxxvin), entitled Gervasii Dorobemensis Mappa Mundi, which is evidently another copy of this treatise.
A comparison of the portion relating to Sussex, in this MS., will show the considerable differences which exist in it from the lists I have given above. It appears rather to be the MS. to which Leland refers his extracts :
"IX SUTHSEXIA DOMUS RELIGIOSE.
5' J)
11 5) 3> » » >J
Clerici seel. n. Monachi nigri Monachi albi Canomei albi
Episcopatus Cicestriae, Sanctae Trinitatis Abbatia . Batalia, S. Martini
. De Ponte Roberti, S. Marias
. Ottheani, S. Laurencii
. Dereford, S. Job.. Rapt. Prioratus . Lewes, S. Pancratii
. Arundel, S. Nicbolai .
. Attesele, S. Petri
. Boisgraue, S. Marias
. Tortintune, S. Mar. Magd.
. Hastinges, S. Trinitatis Remstede
. De Lullemenstre
. De Roesperre Steninges Hospitalia . S. Jacobi Cicestrias
Summa xiiij.
Castella . Cicestriae, Arundelle, Brenbre, Lewes, Peuenese, Hastinges. Insulaa . Selesie, llalingle.
Aquae Dulces. Limene, Medewaie, Ichene, Chierne, Aqua de Lewes, Apebrok Aquae Salsae Sirenden, Aqua de Cneppe, Aqua de Bradekam, Tarente, Sire.
Monachi nigri
»
Canonici nigri
ii Monialesnigras
11
. .» [res Clerici secula- Leprosi
(To be continued.)
65
THE CERNE GIANT.
BY DR. WAKE SMART.
In a sequestered valley near the quaint old town of Cerne Abbas, in the county of Dorset, and hard by the spot where iEthelmar's Benedictine monastery once flourished, the eye is arrested by the apparition of a gigantic human figure rudely sculptured on the side of a lofty hill, which, to a person unac- customed to the sight, is an astounding and probably a re- pulsive object. There, with outstretched arm and uplifted club, as though he were the tutelary deity of the place, he stands in apparent defiance of the degenerate race below. His stature is 180 ft.; his foot (ex pede Herculem), 18 ft. long; his lower limbs, 80 ft.; body, 77; head, 22; arm, 109; and club, 121 ft. long; with various other dimensions of indivi- dual parts, in length and breadth, which we do not care to specify, as they may be found in Hutchins. As to the anato- mical proportions of the relative parts of his frame, we will also remain silent, being willing to allow some license to the artist, who seems to have been puzzled with the attitude of his hero, and has represented the face and body in full front, and the feet in profile. He covers nearly an acre of ground. On the summit of the escarpment, not far above his head, called " Trendle Hill," are the remains of some very ancient earthworks, which we will describe in the words of an author to whom we shall have to refer more than once in the course of these observations. "These remains," says he, "are of very interesting character, and of considerable extent. They consist of circular and other earthworks, lines of defensive ramparts, an avenue, shallow excavations, and other indica- tions of a British settlement. The circles are constructed each with a low vallum, but no exterior fosse, and are evi- dently not associated with any military purpose. Of the two principal works, one, of a somewhat oblong form, is placed on the escarpment of the hill, immediately above the head of the giant. It is about 100 feet in its longest dia- meter, has a low vallum, slight exterior fosse, and a slightly elevated mound in the centre. The other is an irregular circle, 166 feet in diameter, with an opening to the soutJk^j
QENTI '
fiG THE CEENE GIANT.
Within it are two small circles similarly placed to the inte- rior circles of the Abury dracontium. Each of these works is separately protected by a steep, defensive rampart with exterior fosse running athwart the ridge of the hill. The more northerly rampart has been strengthened by the over- lapping of its ends ; and beyond this are the traces of an avenue leading to the principal works; also two very dis- tinct small circles, each 34 feet in diameter, and having an opening in the east. The shallow excavations, supposed to denote the sites of the residences of the British population, are thickly scattered over the whole summit of the hill."'
In giving this very graphic description of these ancient British vestiges, this writer was aiming at establishing a syn- chronism between them and the Giant, in support of a very ingenious theory to which I shall presently advert. It may be readily conceived that such a strange and unique object has engaged the attention of many thoughtful minds, for it is unquestionably a work of high antiquity; and its origin is supposed to be enveloped in much mystery, both as regards the people by whom it was portrayed, and the per- son or incident it was designed to represent or commemorate.
Hutchins states that in 1772 there were three rude letters in the space between the lower limbs, scarcely legible; and over them three others, probably numerals ; but they were not satisfactorily deciphered, and are now totally obliterated. The characters, whatsoever they were, have given birth to some curious speculations which must be wholly visionary (see Hutchins); and I find that in Stukeley's MS.no mention is made of them, which is noteworthy, as they surely. would not have escaped his observation had they been there in his time. I think, then, I may say "de non apparentibus et de non existcntibus eadem est ratio." The current of learned conjecture, in its most sober reveries, turned chiefly on the
xon era, and this figure came to be considered as the representation of the Saxon god Heil, Hagie, or Hel-ith,who in certain monkish chronicles is said to have been worship- ped in Dorset, and his idol destroyed by St. Augustine at I -me, a.d. 603, when he preached Christianity to the pagan Saxons here, by whom he was treated with great indignity, which the saint retaliated by working a miracle that covered them, like the enemies of Israel of old, "with perpetual hame." Then Stukeley, in 17G4, identified this god Heil
THE CERNE GIAKT. 67
with the Phoenician Hercules, or with his son Melicertes,
one of whom, it is said, planted the first colony on these shores; and he suggested also that it might be the memorial of the ancient British king Eli, to commemorate his victory over the Belgae. The name Cern-eZ given to Cerne, and those of j£7-well, 7i7-stone, and £7-wood, associated with spots in the vicinity, were marshalled, of course, in con- firmation of the theory. It is, however, very doubtful whether St. Augustine did ever extend his missionary travels so far as Dorset, although his name is traditionally con- nected with a most pellucid spring in the churchyard at Cerne, wherein he is said to have baptized his converts. But the whole story is based upon monkish legends, and the theory founded on it must fall to the ground if unsus- tained by collateral and corroborative testimony, which, un- happily, is not forthcoming. Moreover, it is hardly conceiv- able that when St. Augustine's doctrines had taken firm hold of the people, and a flourishing monastery had risen even under the very shadow of the Giant, this effigy of a pagan idol would have been permitted to remain intact, when a little neglect, without more active measures, would have soon obliterated it ; whilst, on the other hand, it is manifest that its preservation must have been diligently cared for.
Many years have passed since the gentleman to whom I have alluded published that delightful little work, wherein, by a most ingenious and clever train of reasoning, he attempted to prove that the Giant must be regarded as the representative of the Celtic deity Baal, Bel, or Belinus, sym- bolising the sun ; and as a monument designed to comme- morate a great fact in the history of the Durotriges, which was nothing less than a radical change in their religion from the worship of the serpent to that of the sun, and which was effected by the instrumentality of the Kelto-Belgse, who were supposed to have conquered the Durotrigian Keltse, and supplanted their ancient form of religion with this newer mode of idolatry. In confirmation of this view he appeals to the earthworks on the summit of the hill, which he assumes to be the site of an Ophic sanctuary ; devoted, of course, subsequently, to the mysteries of Sabeanism. " Se non e vero, e ben trovato" — a theory that, like the " baseless fabric of a vision," needs a more substantial foundation to stand upon.
THE CEfiNE GIANT.
That the worship of the serpent, or ophiolatry, was at any time a prevailing form of superstition in Britain, is simply conjectural, for it rests not on the authority of a single ancient classic writer; and we may trace the conjec- ture to Stukclcy, who, in the undulatory course of the avenues of approach to the circles or temples at Abury, and in certain mounds connected with them, detected, or thought he had detected, the key which unlocked all its mystery, and the Druidical temple became revealed to his sight at once as the theatre of Ophic rites, — a dracontium, as he termed it : a name unauthorised by ancient writers, but which has since been occasionally applied to similar mega- lit hie circles and stone avenues in Dorset (as the rocks at Little Mayne) as well as in other parts, conveying, I believe, an erroneous idea of their original use. The Druidical reli- gion was not so gross in its conceptions ; but the sun and heavenly bodies were the objects of its adoration, idealised under a various and imposing symbolism, of which the ser- pent was an acknowlegecl integrant, though not an idol. We know from Csesar who were the principal British deities in the ante-Christian era. They were Mercury aud Apollo, or such as corresponded to these familiar divinities of classic mythology, the ideal representatives of the sun. And in a remarkable passage in Hecatseus, who lived five hundred years before the Christian era, cited by Diodorus, reference is made to the worship of Apollo in an island of the hyper- 1 1' »rean ocean ; by commentators generally understood to be Britain, and in a locality of that island apparently none other than Avebury or Stonehenge. Here, then, at a date closely bordering on the prehistoric period, we find the sun was the object of primeval worship. We can go back no further in history. The Keltse and the Kelto-Belgse of Caesar's day had but one and the same religious system, therefore the latter could not have been instrumental in sub- verting the old established rights and dogmas which the former possessed.
The theory involves also another speculation which we believe to be equally untenable, as founded on like conjec- tural evidence, the conquest of the Durotriges by the Belgae. If even they had, by successful invasion, possessed them- Belves of the territory, we maintain that they would not have introduced a new form of religion, as we have already observed.
THE CERNE GIANT. GO
There is yet another way of explaining the existence of the Giant, that may, indeed, divest him of a good deal of allegory with which he has been clothed, and still without impugning his claim to be a monument of genuine antiquity. The Benedictine Abbey of Cerne, founded by iEthelmar or Ailmar, a.d. 987, being richly endowed with lands, became t he seat of learning, and, no doubt, of much dissipation also : hence it is quite within the bounds of probability that, as " Satan always finds some work for idle hands to do," the monks of that establishment (without wishing to impute to them any such dark inspiration), in conjunction, perhaps, with some of the townsfolk, may have occupied some of their vacant hours in portraying the lineaments of this legendary personage. Nor might this ascription be deemed at all derogatory to their artistic taste or skill, for we have abun- dant proof, in the carvings and sculpture of mediaeval age, that the principles of aesthetic taste engendered within the cloister were not essentially of that refined, pure, and chaste style which prevails in works of modern art. We have, moreover, analogy to guide us. At Wilmington, in Sussex, there is the figure of a gigantic man incised in a similar manner on the escarpment of a lofty chalk hill. It is 240 ft. in height, and holds a staff in each hand. Here also stood a Benedictine priory, and. this figure is traditionally ascribed to the idleness of the monks. There was formerly a gigantic figure on Shotover Hill, near Oxford. Nor is the analogy wanting in America, for Professor Wilson observes : " The Cerne giant preserves a curious counterpart to those incised figures scattered over the prairie lands beyond the shores of Lake Michigan."
A legendary belief in giants seems to have been universal. Dr. Maton has the following judicious remarks : "Without resorting to any ridiculous story, or to any conceit of anti- quarians, for the origin of the figure, one may conclude that most works of this sort, especially when contiguous to en- campments, were the amusement merely of idle people, and. cut out with as little meaning, perhaps, as shepherds' boys strip off the turf on the Wiltshire plains." The " ridiculous story" here alluded to is the tradition current amongst the peasantry of Cerne, that this is the memorial of a certain giant who, having feasted on part of a flock of sheep in the Vale of Blackmbre, laid himself down to take his siesta on
1872 10
70 THE CERNE GIANT.
the side of this hill, and was slain by the peasants on the spot. Hutehins observes of this legend, that it proves at cany rate the antiquity of the monument ; but it would be hard to say which is the more ancient of the two, the legend or the symbol. The uninformed intellect dealt very largely in the belief in giants, which was a peculiarly Scandinavian and Teutonic phase of mind, for we find the Edda and other northern literature full of the exploits of such imaginary monsters. Geoffrey of Monmouth, the monkish historian, impresses upon his readers that Britain was originally peopled with " none but a few giants." When Brutus and his company took possession of it, they " forced the giants to fly into the caves of the mountains, and divided the country," etc. And he goes on to relate the history of "one detestable monster, Goemagot (Gogmagog), in stature twelve cubits, and of such prodigious strength that at one shake he pulled up an oak as if it had been a hazel wand," etc.
But we need not adduce any more fables of the kind, for it is a well known fact that throughout the middle ages, the fictitious adventures of men of superhuman strength and "vast bodily composture" afforded a most fruitful subject of romance. In this as in other parts of Britain we have, amongst the tumuli of the primeval inhabitants, many which bear the appellation of " Giants' graves"; and there is also the " Giants' Coit," or cromlech, testifying to that peculiar phase of the mind which delights to cloke its ignorance in mystery and fable. "Omne ignotum pro magnified'; and if in those days of ignorance, the fossil bone of some megathe- rium or other extinct animal of astounding size had met the astonished view of our rustic philosophers, it would have been held as a crowning proof of the existence of a race of British Anakim.
Enough, it is hoped, has been said to justify the opinion that we need not extend our researches beyond the bounds of mediaeval history, to give a plausible, if not a satisfactory,
planation of that mysterious phenomenon, the "Cerne Giant."
71
$roccctrint$s of tfje Association.
January 10th, 1872. H. Syer Coming, Esq., F.S.A. Scot., V.P., in the Citair.
The election of the following members was announced :
J. Severn Walker, Esq., Stuart's Lodge, Malvern Wells Benjamin Tabberer, Esq., 16, Basinghall-street M. De Longperier, Principal Director of the Antiquities at the Louvre, as an Honorary Foreign Associate.
Thanks were returned for the following present : To the Society of Antiquaries of London, for Proceedings, vol. v, No. 2, Second Series. 8th Dec. 1870 to 23rd March, 1871. 8vo, Lon- don, 1871. Mr. E. Roberts, F.S.A., Hon. Sec, read the following correspondence with the Earl of Warwick in reference to the late disastrous fire at
Warwick Castle :
" 32, Sackville-street, S.W. "9th Dec. 1871.
" My Lord,— The Council of the British Archaeological Association has been specially summoned to consider, among various other import- ant matters, the calamity to which your Lordship has been recently subjected. I am desired by the Council to express the great sympathy of the whole Association at this misfortune ; not only for the pain which must be felt by your Lordship at the destruction of buildings and objects which cannot be replaced, but also at the loss which all lovers of art and science have sustained. And however much you and an appreciating world may rejoice over the happy saving of many treasures, it will remain for us all to deplore the accident which has caused so serious a calamity.
" We venture to think that, as a member of this Association, and as one to whose predecessor the members were indebted for so much of rich and high gratification during the Congress held at Warwick in 1847, you will accept these expressions of our sincere regret and con- dolence.
" I have the honour to be, etc.,
" E. Roberts, Ron. Sec."
72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.
"1, Stable Yard, St. James'. 12 Dec. 1871.
"Sir,— I beg to acknowledge with deep gratitude the very kind and feeling expressions of sympathy which you have been good enough to communicate to me on behalf of the Council of the Archaeological Association. lean assure yon that trader the painful circumstances iu which 1 am placed, nothing has afforded me more consolation than the kind interesl exhibited by all; and the sentiments now conveyed to me bv an Association which I so much value, will never be forgotten. "I remain, Sir, your most obedient and obliged servant,
" Warwick."
Mr. Gordon M. Hills, Hon. Treasurer, read the following letter addressed to him by Dr. Stevens, and dated St. Mary Bourne, Jan. 4,
1872 :
" Dear Sir, — Having pen in hand, I thought you might like to know that I have, since October, been engaged in investigating some hut-circles, or rather shallow pits, in the entrance-passages on a hill near here, overlooking the Test valley. They were nine in number ; but I think that a good many others remain undisclosed in the same field. Some could not be cleaned out in consequence of their extending underneath a road. Two were completely explored, and in them were found rude, hand-made British pottery, pieces of hand grain-rubbers, charred flints in enormous numbers, flint scrapers and flakes, etc., simi- lar to those found in the neighbouring fields ; bones of bos, cervus, sus, nipra, cams, etc., a spindle-whorl of chalk and another of pottery. Most of the bones had been cut and fashioned for some purpose ; and one of the pits contained ten cartloads of flint stones, which evidently had formed the superstructure, and had fallen in. The pits were about 12 feet in width, widest diameter, and 30 feet in length from end of pit to mouth of alley. Flint mullers also were found, and whetstones of sandstone, as well as a hammer of native ironstone, which had evidently been ■jiicked up in the drift, and used as a heavy form of stone, without any knowledge of the metal. One early British coin was found between the pits, — a gold coin weighing eighteen grains ; its obv. and rev. evi- dently rude figures of some better coin, probably Greek.
" I remain, dear Sir, yours truly,
"Joseph Stevens."
Mr. E. Roberts, Hon. Sec, read the following extract from a letter lately sent him by Mr. H. Watling : "I think, in your remarks upon the round towers in England, you considered them not Saxon. I was at Debenham the other day, and observed the old tower. A good deal of Jlingham work is in the lower portion of it, and the stone angles are very elongated. It has also a window very much like Norman. The tower is evidently of Saxon origin, as the court was held here. I have found also Saxon pottery in the parish. Do you understand much about British interments, and the slabs they raised to the memory of their dead? Many are engraved with curious devices. Whilst travel- ling at Carnac in Brittany I found many interesting things. Would yon he .so good as to exhibit them before the Association, and, if pos-
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 73
sible, describe them ? They are much like the Egyptian slabs. Some appear to he celts fixed in handles, like those found in the lake-dwellings in Switzerland, many of which I possess."
The Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson, V.P., exhibited a vesica-shaped seal of brass, apparently of the thirteenth century, said to have been recovered from the Thames, near Greenwich, Dec. 1871. The upper part of the field is occupied by the demi-figure of St. Peter nimbed and mitred, holding a cross in the right, and two large keys in the left hand. Beneath is the kneeling effigy of an ecclesiastic. Legend, + s . antoni .
AKCIIKI . ECL . SCI . PETRI . D . POPLE.
Mr. Birch remarked that the legend was probably intended to read : Sigillvm Antonii Archipresbiteri Ecclesice Saudi Petri de Pople ; but he was inclined to think that the seal was not genuine.
Mr. E. Levien, Hon. Sec, exhibited several shell-celts from Barba- does, sent to him by Sir Thomas Graham Briggs, Bart., and accompa- nied by the following letter, dated 23, Ryder-street, St. James', S.W. 10 November, 1871 :
" My dear Sjr, — I now send you some Indian celts which have been sent me from Barbadoes, and which I hope you will do me the honour to accept. I should have done myself the pleasure of calling on you with them, but we leave England for Barbadoes on the 17th, and I am overwhelmed with preparations.
" Believe me, in haste, yours very truly,
"T. Graham Briggs."
Mr. H. Syer Cuming said he felt sure the meeting would join him in thanking Mr. Levien for having afforded those present an opportu- nity of handling and examining the adze-blades from Barbadoes. He well remembered the time that to have seen an ancient Carib shell- blade was a thing to almost boast of ; and although such relics have been found in larger quantities than formerly, and numbers had of late years reached this country, they were still articles of novelty to many, and would ever remain of deep interest to the student of archaic man. A fine series of shell-blades may be inspected in the Christy collection, and another in the Blackmore Museum at Salisbury. The latter were gathered and presented by the Rev. Greville J. Chester, who accom- panied the gift with the following memorandum, which is extracted from the Guide (p. 72) : " In Barbadoes there is no hard stone, nothing harder than coraline limestone. The aborigines, therefore, were obliged to import hard stone implements and weapons from the other islands, or from the main continent of South America. Eor ordinary purposes, however, they used implements made of various kinds of marine shells and of {he fossil shells from the limestone. These shell- implements vary in length from one inch and a half to six inches and a half. Sonic in my possession are beautifully formed. In the commonest
7 ; PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.
typo the natural curve of the shell formed the handle. Discs and beads made of shell, and large quantities of pottery in a fragmentary state, have been found associated with the shell-implements. The large number of implements discovered under rock-shelters and in gullies proves the existence of a large native population in Barbadoes ; and as Bhell-hatchets are not found in the other West Indian islands, it is clear that they are of purely local origin."
Mr. Cuming went on to say, that though in the West Indies the use of shell-blades seems to have been confined to Barbadoes, such objects were not unknown in the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. Dr. Pick- ering, in his Races of Man (p. 52), states that he saw in the Otuans, or Disappointment Islands, adzes with blades wrought of portions of the tridacna or cassif, with handles made of kneed roots ; and on Feb- ruary 27, 18G1, the Rev. S. W. King exhibited to us an adze-blade from the Ascension Isles, seven inches in length, fashioned of a piece of a tridacna gigas. Mr. Cuming produced a remarkably fine and per- fect adze from the Friendly Islands, the blade nearly five inches in length, and full two inches and a quarter across its cutting edge, being formed of a portion of tridacna or clam-shell ; tightly bound on to the beak of the haft with sinnet, or braided cord formed of the fibre of the cocoa-nut, or coir as it is commercially called. The stout cylindric handle is of brownish coloured wood, twenty-one inches in length. The mode in which such hoe-shaped weapon -tools were hooked on the shoulder for carriage, is well shown in the portrait of Abba Thulle, king of Pelew, engraved in Captain H. Wilson's Voyage. Mr. Cuming concluded his remarks by observing that shell-bladed harpoons were employed by the Esquimaux, of which he possessed examples formerly in the Leverian Museum.
Mr. George Wright, F.S.A., again called the attention of the meet- ing to some of the urns found at Sunbury ; and Mr. Roberts gave his reasons for adhering to the opinions expressed by him upon the subject in his paper, which will be found in the Journal, vol. xxvii, pp. 419-52.
Mr. H. Syer Cuming exhibited two examples of the sand in which many of the Roman remains at Wilderspool have been discovered. (See Journal, xxvii, pp. 430-37.) The one forming the upper stratum looks like gunpowder, being carbonised by the conflagration which destroyed Condate ; the other, or underlying stratum, which extends over several acres of the denuded Roman surface of the land, being calcined by the great heat occasioned by the disaster. The exhibition was accompa- nied by the following note addressed to Mr. Cuming by Dr. Kendrick :
" Warrington, 28th Dec. 1871.
" My DBAS Sin, — You some time ago expressed a wish for some of the calcined white sand from Wilderspool, and I enclose a small quan- tity which 1 have brought from thence to-day. I also send you a
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION". 75
specimen of the carbonised stratum of sand which is superimposed on the above. The white is whiter, and tho black sand much blacker, than the enclosed, when they are in the moist state ; but I have dried them f r the convenience of carriage. The natural sand is of a yellow colour ; but here and there, where the conflagration has apparently been more intense, it shows a paler colour, as one would fully expect.
" The severe and prolonged frost which prevailed a few weeks since greatly diminished the quantity of sand required for building purposes, and there was a corresponding deficiency in the yield of relics ; but wo are now tolerably busy again, and I hope for increased returns, since the owner of the land has opened the north bank of the canal for the sale of its sand.
" Ever, my dear Sir, very truly yours,
" Jas. Kendrick."
Mr. Edw. Levien, Hon. Sec, read a paper by W. de G. Birch, Esq., " On Three Lists of Monasteries compiled in the Thirteenth Century," which will be found at pp. 45-02 ante.
January 24tii. H. Ster Cuming, Esq., E.S.A. Scot., V.P., in the Chair.
Thanks were returned for the following presents :
To the Society, the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archa3ological Society, for Quarterly Journal, vol. vi, New Series, Part 58. 8vo; Dublin, 1871. „ „ Royal Archaeological Institute, for Journal, No. III. 8vo ; London, 1871.
To the Autotype Fine Art Company, for Ancient Sculptures in the Roof of Norwich Cathedral. By the Very Rev. Edward Meyrick Goulbourn, D.D., Dean of Norwich. Part I. Imperial 4to ; London, 1872.
To TJwmas Richards, Esq., for Papworth's Alphabetical Dictionary of Coats of Arms belonging to Families in Great Britain and Ire- land. Parts XI-XV. 8vo ; London, 1863-71.
Mr. J. W. Grover exhibited a small glass bottle dug up in Lombard- street, with a quantity of charred wood which had been found round it. Mr. J. W. Baily and the Chairman thought the bottle not older than the early part of the seventeenth century, although Mr. Grover and others considered it to be more ancient.
Mr. J. W. Baily exhibited the following objects from recent excava- tions in the City ; all of them being Roman, with the exception of the dagger last described: — Earthen lamp; lip or mouth of an earthen vessel in the form of a mask, and somewhat similar to those described
76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.
in Smith's Roman London, p. 80 ; white earthen household deity (ono of the P< nates) in the form of a child's bust, on a pedestal, — after the manner of one engraved on p. 66, vol. vi, of the Collectanea Antigua ; fragment (the lower half) of drinking vessel, Cologne ware (?) ; two reeded beads, one in colours ; fragment of a Roman leaden coffin, with scallop-shell, and bead and reel ornamentation ; five fragments of bronze; bone car-pick, the upper part carved in scrolls and animals' heads ; small dagger. Extreme length, nine inches ; both edges square, and the point blunt ; the hilt and pommel of hard, white metal, and probably made for a lady or a page. Late sixteenth century.
Mr. H. Syer Cuming, F.S.A. Scot., V.P., read his " Report on Ancient Remains found at Maiden Castle, co. Dorset," which will be found at pp. 39-45 ante.
February 14th. H. Syer Cuming, Esq., F.S.A. Scot., V.P., in the Chair.
The election of the following members wns announced :
Rev. Joseph Castley, Stonham, Suffolk
John Haslam, Esq., 65, Great Russell-street, W.C.
Thanks were reformed for the following presents :
To the Author, H. C. Russell, Esq., B.A., F.R.A.S., for Results of Meteorological Observations. Pamphlets. 8vo, 1869 and 1870. And for Meteorological Observations in Sidney, N. S. "W ales. Pamphlets. 8vo. Jan. to August 1871.
Mr. E. Roberts exhibited five leathern knife and dagger- sheaths of the fifteenth century, found in Cannon-street ; also a piece of brick or tile, fashioned into the shape of a large spindle-whorl, probably used as a hobble or weight, and two bone handles for common knives. All found in the city of London.
Mr. J. W.Grover exhibited a small cadus, or amphora, found in Queen Victoria-street, of the ordinary peg-top type, having no handles, and tapering down to a round point ; some spoons, a knife, and a key ; and some fashioned bones, used probably as skates.
Mr. J. W. Baily exhibited two jugs, early fourteenth century. The charateristics of both are the same, the lip or mouth being formed as a grotesque head with projecting beard and ears ; and with an appendage, in slight relief, on each side of the body of the jug, intended to represent arms and hands. The large jug, which is imperfect, is covered with green glaze, and is eight inches and a half high ; the .smaller one is covered with coarse green and brown glaze, and is four inches and three-quarters high, and is perfect. Also another jug, six-
Plate ?
'
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 77
teenth century (?), of good form, the mouth trefoil-shaped, and with handle, and glazed in imitation of old Venetian " schmelz" glass. The height is seven inches and a quarter.
After remarks upon the various exhibitions, by Messrs. Roberts, G. Wright, Grover, and Baily, Mr. H. Syer Cuming read a paper on " St. Katherine," which will be printed in a future number of the Journal.
February 28th.
H. Syer Cuming, Esq., P.S.A. Scot., V.P., in the Chair. Thanks were returned for the following presents : —
To the Society. — The Royal Dublin Society, for Journal No. xl. 8vo, Dublin, 1872.
To the Author.— James Kendrick, Esq., M.D., for " Essay on Recent Discoveries of the Roman Site atWilderspool, near Warrington," reprinted from the Transactions of the Historic Society of Lan- cashire and Cheshire. 8vo, Liverpool, 1871.
Mr. E. Roberts exhibited the top of an earthenware jar, with part of the rim raised and pierced, probably to act as a strainer, said to have been found in Broad Street, Roman ; also three bone skates, from the same locality, British.
Mr. J. W. Baily exhibited the face portion of a terra cotta bust found with a quantity of Roman pottery, in fragments, in a late excavation in the city of London ; a small amphora of the peg-top shape, from an ex- cavation at Wapping; various leathern knife-sheaths, temp. Edward II — Henry IV, some stamped and some engraved with a tool, from the city of London.
The Rev. S. M. Mayhew exhibited a water-colour drawing of a crucifix found in the churchyard, West Farleigh, Kent, and sent the following observations upon it, which were read in his absence by the Chairman : —
" Farley, in Saxon Farrlega, may be interpreted ' the place of boars or bulls'. It is bordered by the Medway east and west, and belonged some time to the monks of Christchurch, Canterbury, to whom it yielded in the days of Edward the Confessor twelve hundred eels, for a yearly rent. The crucifix, of which I exhibit a water-colour drawing (Plate 2), was found in the churchyard of West Farleigh, about twenty- five yards north of the chancel, in a line with the east end of the church, at a depth of about six feet. I quote from a memorandum by the Rector, the late Dean of Rochester, through the kindness of whose son, the Rector of Wateringbury, the drawing of the crucifix was per- mitted, and the following memoir communicated :
1872 11
78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.
" 'Barnes, the clerk, in digging a grave in the churchyard, found a crucifix, which I have had put in order. It is pronounced to he a curious relic, and probably belonged to a Knight Templar. It was found December 26th, 1832.'
" The object is a processional, or altar cross (for the figure is not i^e- peated), and was made to fit into a socket. The workmanship appears to be Italian, of the fourteenth century. It was probably buried by the hand of a friend, in hope that the times of the English Reformation would pass away, and that it might then reoccupy its place and dignity in the worship of West Farley Church. It rested, and was found in the underground recess of an old wall, popularly considered as part of a forgotten conventual building, though no evidence exists as to monastic or conventual buildings being erected at Farley by the monks of St. Helen, Bishopgate, the possessors of the manor. The church dates from the twelfth century. The triple east and side windows of the chancel are of the same period. The rest of the church and the tower are much later, and of no particular interest. The chancel was complete in itself, and surmounted on the west by a bell turret. The sedilia and piscina are remarkable : a geometrical window has been in- serted on the south side, and the thickness of the wall cut away to about eighteen inches of the flooring, where it forms a seat ; and at the angle west and north is a double piscina, the intersecting shaft being of chalk, the only piece observable in the architecture of the chancel. There are no remains of rood-loft, staircase, or hagiascope. The church crucifix is of oak, covered with bronze plates, so coloured by decompo- sition as to resemble enamel, and repousse. The arms are floriated, and the termination of the shaft somewhat diminished for fitting the socket. The measurements are — entire height, 23y ins. (5 ins. of which are taken up by the stem for the socket) ; width of traverse, 15 ins. The water-colour drawing is the exact size, and as nearly as possible the colouring of the original. On each arm, and on either extremity of the shaft are four discs of enamelled glass, nearly 1| ins. diameter, representing the emblems of the four Evangelists. These are of Venetian make, and of the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries. Above the head of the figure is a fifth of plain glass, about If ins. diameter, once covering a fragment of the Holy Cross — a feature which brings to mind the famous cross of Cong, made a.d. 1123. Pendent from the arms are two reliquaries, in the shape of spear-heads, forming, in the opinion of our Vice-President, Syer Cuming, Esq., depositories for drops of the Sacred blood. The reliquary, pendent from the cross, is very uncommon, nor can the writer recall a similar instance. May not the fragment of the cross have been obtained from the Sacrarium of St. Helena, London — the blood from Canterbury? The figure is of solid bronze, and has all the stiffness of early modelling. The head is
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 79
crowned with thorns and inclined, the hands and feet expanded, the spear wound diagonal to the ribs, and on the right side. The raised work of the plating appears to represent suns and stars, perhaps in al- lusion to the 'Sun of Righteousness' setting in blood, or the ' Star of the House of David' dimmed by the darkness of the Crucifixion, or they may point to the eternal splendours of the Resurrection ; in either ease this Farleigh relic is a crux stellata of surpassing interest."
Mr. E. Roberts observed that the drawing before the meeting did not indicate clearly whether the very remarkable pendants which were attached to the crucifix were of the same material as the crucifix itself, It seemed to him also, with regard to various other details, that it had been repaired ; and he thought that, without an inspection of the cru- ei!i\ itself, it would be impossible to judge correctly with regard to its exact date. Mr. Mayhew could, however, doubtless furnish further par- ticulars, by which they would be able to form a more accurate opinion.
Mr. H. Syer Cuming read the following observations on the Cadus exhibited by Mr. J. W. Grover at the last meeting (see ante, p. 76).
" The terra-cotta vessel produced by Mr. Grover is undoubtedly a Roman caelum, similar in every respect to other examples discovered in London, some of which have found their way into the British Museum and the Baily and Mayhew collections.
" The cadus bore a certain resemblance in contour to a boy's top [turbines cadorum, Plin. H. N. xxvii, 5) ; and its mouth was wont to be closed with an ohturaculum or bung of cork, as recorded by Pliny (//. .V. xvi, 13). Both Virgil {Mm. i, 199) and Martial (iv, 66, 8) speak of wine being preserved in cadi ; but such vessels were also em- ployed to hold oil, honey, preserved fruits, etc. Pliny (H. N. xv, 21) says: 'Where figs are in great abundance, as in Asia, for instance, huge orcce are filled with them, and at Ruspina, a city of Africa, we tied cadi used for a similar purpose.' And we gather from a line in Martial's Ejiigram on Mancinus (i, 44, 8) that the olives of Picenum, in Central Italy, were stored in cadi.
" Vessels identical in form and material with the Roman cadi are still employed as olive jars in Spain, in verification of which I exhibit one which was brought to England in 1850, full of fruit. It is llf ins. in height, full 22 ins. at its greatest circumference, and there is a slight spiral groove running down the tapering stem which would facilitate its fixture in a bed of sand, when required to stand upright in the manner of the ampliorce serice, etc., in the cellavinaria discovered under the walls of Rome in 1789. The mouth of this jar, about 2 ins. diameter, is stopped with a cork, which has been covered over with white plaster, in like w7ay as Pliny (IL iV. xviii, 73) states the bungs of grain vessels were sometimes rendered air-tight. It was also the custom in Egypt to secure the lids of amphorcc, etc., with resin and mortar, as is
80 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION.
still the custom in Portugal in respect to grape jars. The old Romans inscribed figures and letters with rubrica or red ochre, on their wine and other vessel's, and this modern cadus is numbered 6168 in red, in quite a classic spirit. The interior of the jar is thickly coated with resin, giving it the appearance of being covered with a rich brown glazing. Pliny (H. N. xiv, 25, xvi, 22) mentions that the inside of dolia, etc., were treated with Bruttian pitch or resin, which was considered in Italy to be superior to that of Spain, the produce of the wild pine, which was ' bitter, dry, and of a disagreeable smell.' Many wine vessels met with in E<?ypt have been coated internally with a resinous matter.
" In whatever light we regard this Spanish olive jar, whether as to use, form, substance, interior coating, stopper and covering, not for- o-ettino- the rubricated numerals, it seems a memento of modes and con- trivances handed down in unbroken succession from ancient to modern
times."
Mr. Thomas Morgan, in support of an opinion expressed by him at the last meeting, that the objects called " hobbles" or weights exhibited by Mr. Roberts (see p. 76 ante) might have been weapons of war, read the following extract from a work, Be Origine Germanorum, ex Schedis Manuscriptis, etc., Gottingen, 1750: —
"Sequuntur num. ix & x duo globi lapidei perforati in Holsatia inventi, quorum usus in bello fuit. Fune enim alligati hostium capitibus immittebantur. Nee dissimili instrumento Johannes Ziska suo ad- huc tempore usus est, ut cernere est ex figura a Majore1 in libello de migrationibus Cimbrorum producta. Ubi mireris oportet veterum patientiam in acuendis et perforandis lapidibus durissimis, qua? res etiam nobis molestiam non parvam facessit."
The general opinion, however, of the meeting was that whatever may have been the use of the objects exhibited by Mr. Roberts, they were certainly of too soft a material ever to have been employed in warfare, and Mr. J. W. Baily suggested that they may have been weights for fishing nets.
Mr. Edward Levien, Hon. Sec, in the absence of the author, read the following paper, "On further Discoveries of British Remains at Lancaster Moor," by John Harker, Esq., M.D. :
" Facts, however few or meagre they may be, which tend to the elu- cidation of the true history of the human race, are eagerly sought after by the anthropologists of the present day,— an excuse, I hope, for the accompanying account and description of a funeral urn recently dis- covered, with some other remains, on the Lancaster Moor, which may fairly be referred to the close of the stone period.
" This sepulchral urn is of the same general type as the urns of the British interments described by me and figured in our Journal for the
1 Major. Nova lit. maris Baltici.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 81
year 1865, pp. 159-1(51. It is from the same locality on the Moor as in the case of those interments.
" The urns, as described in that account, were arranged in pairs in a line running pretty exactly east and west. The vessel in question was discovered on the same line of direction (eastward) as the rest ; and in the same manner as the others, it was uncovered during quarrying operations. The vase was entire when found, but by the too hasty attempt at removal was broken by the eager workmen.
" This bone pot is a very fine specimen. It is fully 14 inches high ; it is about 12 inches wide at the mouth, and has a collar 4 inches deep. The base is small, only measuring about 4 inches in diameter. It is
flat.
"All the urns found are hand-made, and have varied remarkably as to fineness of their material and finish. This one is made of clay with gravel. It is tolerably well burned ; the alteration of the clay to red, by finish, extending nearly through the thickness of the material.
"As in the case of the other urn described, the vessel is decorated tastefully with lines made by indenting strips of fine twisted thong, and l>\ dots formed by screwing round, in the soft clay, a pithy stick. The collar of the urn is ornamented with a herringbone-pattern, bordered above and below by the peculiar dots, enclosing the collar between two lines. Below the collar the vessel is decorated by a lattice-pattern, with a band of dots where the lattice terminates. This band, though in good artistic taste, by encircling the vessel at its most bulging part, was a source of weakness to its structure, and hence it gave way when removed from its bed. The vessel occupied an inverted position in the ground, the other urns found being erect. Its mouth was covered by a piece of fine gritstone, for the convenience of overwhelming it. It was not, as in the case of the urns previously described, protected by a fencing of flags, but merely surrounded by board, charcoal, and ashes, the relics of the funeral pyre. In the interior of the vase, at one side of the centre of the base, an indented incision, three-quarters of an inch long, appears, with a faint line or tract parallel to the upper part of this incised line. These marks, although worthy of passing notice, are not of precise or definite character. This, at least, is the opinion of so high an authority as Dr. Thurnam. The urn merely contained human bones well calcined. There were no manufactured articles with it. As in the case of the bones exhumed in the previous instances, no teeth were discovered, although the upper and lower jaw were both carefully sought for and examined. The teeth had been removed from their alveoli, and taken away.1
1 May not the teeth of the dead have been removed from the jaws to adorn the persons of the living ? The aborigines of the South Sea Islands were wont to perforate human teeth, and string them as pendants to their necklaces. In the Cuming Collection are some early examples oi' this practice from the Friendly Isles.
S2 proceedings of the association.
"A small incense-vessel from the same locality as the urn has been found. It is of very fine clay, more globose in form than the example figured in this Journal (xxi, p. 161, fig. 7), and the details of its orna- mentation, which are pleasing, may interest those who are fond of early ceramic art.
■• Fragments of several other urns have been brought to me by the workpeople from the same locality, showing the extent and large number of the interments.
" The .site chosen for this ancient cemetery on the Lancaster Moor, is one of considerable elevation. It commands a wide prospect of much grandeur. To the east rises the dark, ling-covered Clougha ; north- ward is the beautiful Vale of Lune. To the south a fine alluvial plain extends; whilst westward is silvery Morecambe Bay, and beyond it the Cumberland mountains. The choice of the site by an ancient tribe shows human appreciation of the grand and poetic in the selection of a last resting-place for the bones of the honoured dead."
Mr. lloberts made remarks upon the punctures and ornamentation of the urns referred to in the paper, and pointed out certain similarities between them and those found at Sunbury. (See vol. xxvii, pp. 449-
452.)
Mr. J. Phene, F.S.A., said that there were specimens somewhat resembling those now described, in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, of which he had photographs, and he would exhibit these at some future meeting, so that members might have the opportunity of observ- ing their points of similarity for themselves.
Brittle* gtrcljacologtcal association.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
T\V ENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING, WEYMOUTH, 1871.
AIK5UST 21 st to 26th inclusive.
PATRONS.
The Earl of Shaftesbury, Lord Lieutenant of Dorsetshire
The Lord Bishop of Salisbury.
PRESIDENT.
SIR WILLIAM COLES MEDLYCOTT, Bart., D.C.L
VICE-PRESIDENTS. THE MAYOR OP WEYMOUTH.
The Duke of Cleveland
The Earl Bathurst
The Earl of Effingham
The Earl of Eldon
The Earl of Ilchester
Lord Digby
Lord Houghton, D.C.L.
Lord Lytton
Lord Rivers
Sir C. H. Rouse Boughton, Bart.
Sir Molvneux H. Nepean, Bart.
Sir J. Gard. Wilkinson, D.C.L., F.R.S.
Rev. Prebendary Talbot H. Baker
Rev. William Barnes, B.D.
Rev. C. W. Bingham
Thomas Bond, Esq.
H. Syer Cuming, Esq., P.S.A. Scot.
The Mayor of Dorchester
J. S. W. S. Erie Drax, Esq., M.P.
I bury Edwards, Esq.. M.P.
John Evans, Esq., P.R.S., P.S.A.
Thomas Wright,
O. W. Fairer, Esq.
John Floyer, Esq., M.P.
A. Foster, Esq.
George Godwin, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A.
Chas. Jos. Hambro, Esq., M.P.
J. Heywood, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A.
Rev. Dr. F. P. Hodges
Chandos W. Hoskyns, Esq., M.P., late
President John Mansel, Esq. Joseph Mayer, Esq., F.S.A. J. R. Planche, Esq., Somerset llerald Hon. W. H. Portman, M.P. Rev. Prebendary H. M. Scarth, M.A. R. B. Sheridan, Esq. Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson, M.A., F.S.A. H. G. Sturt, Esq., M.P. Col. Ch. N. Sturt, M.P. George Tomline, Esq., M.P., F.S.A. E. J. Weld, Esq. Herbert Williams, Esq.
Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
s-1
GENERAL COMMITTEE.
G. G. Adams, Esq., F.S.A.
<;. \de, Esq.
.1. W. Baily, Esq.
1,'rv, EL Ion S. Banks
W. de Gray Birch, Esq.
T. Blashffl, Esq.
Cecil Brent, Esq., F.S.A.
H. H. Burnell, Esq., F.S.A.
George Clifton, Esq.
William Cockeram, Esq.
Thomas Colfox, Esq.
Rev. John Cree
T. F. D. Croker, Esq., F.S.A.
E. Cunnington, Esq.
Henry Durden, Esq.
Freeland Filliter, Esq.
John H. Foley, Esq., R.A.
Henry Godwin, Esq., F.S.A.
Aug. Goldsmid, Esq., F.S.A.
John Grey, Esq., Q.C.
William H. Cope, Esq.
J. W. Grover, Esq.
H. F. Holt, Esq.
W. Calder Marshall, Esq., R.A.
Rev. S. M. Mavhew, F.R.G.S., F.S.A.
R. N. Phillips/ Esq, LL.B., F.S.A.
Alfred Pope, Esq.
J. W. Previte, Esq.
W. Shipp. Esq.
Dr. T. W. W. Smart
G. F. Teniswood, Esq., F.S.A.
C. Warne, Esq., F.S.A.
Rev. F. Warre
With the Officers and Local Committee.
Treasurer — Gordon M. Hills, Esq. Honorary Local Treasurer — George Eliot, Esq.
Hon. General Secretaries
(Edward Levien, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
[ Edward Roberts, Esq., F.S.A. Hon. Local Secretary — John Tizard, Esq. Hon. Paleographer— W. H. Black, Esq., F.S.A. Hon. Curator, Librarian, and Excursion Secretary — G. R. Wright, Esq., F.S.A.
LOCAL COMMITTEE. Chairman— THE MAYOR OF WEYMOUTH.
Rev. J. D. Addison, M.A. George Andrews, Esq. Fred. Arden, Esq. Rev. Talbot H. Baker Captain Barrington Brown G. R. Crickmay, Esq. R. Damon, Esq., F.G.S. M. H. Devenish, Esq. Henry Devenish, Esq. Joseph Drew, Esq., F.R.A.S. George Eliot, Esq., J. P. R. Ff. Eliot, Esq., J.P. R. Gaskell, Esq. — Grieve, Esq. T. B. Groves, Esq., F.C.S.
Richard Hare, Esq. W. Rose Holden, Esq. Charles Holland, Esq. Rev. G. H. Penny C. Penny, Esq., J.P. Mr. James Robertson J. T. Shorto, Esq.
F. C. Stegall, Esq. W. Talbot, Esq., J.P. Mr. John Talbot Mr. R. Thomas
H. Tizard, Esq., M.D.
J. Tizard, Esq.
William Thompson, Esq.
G. B. Welsford, Esq.
85
Proceedings of tfje (fToncjress.
Monday, 21 August, 1871.
The proceedings of the twenty-eighth annual congress commenced on Monday afternoon, under the presidency of Sir William Medlycott, Bart., D.C.L., at the Royal Hotel, Weymouth. The Assembly Rooms were thrown open at half-past two, when a large gathering took place. On the walls of the room were several portraits in oils of celebrated personages, lent by Joseph Drew, Esq. Amongst those present were — W. H. Black, Esq., F.S.A., E. Roberts, Esq., F.S.A., Gordon M. Hills, Esq., George Godwin, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Rev. Prebendary T. H. Baker, Thomas Bond, Esq., the Mayor of Dorchester, John Floyer, Esq., M.P., E. J. Weld, Esq., H. H. Burnell, Esq., F.S.A., William Cockeram, Esq., Thomas Colfox, Esq., Edward Levien, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Charles Hart, Esq., R. Ff. Eliot, Esq., and Mrs. Eliot, R. Gaskell, Esq., and Mrs. Gaskell, W. Talbot, Esq., J. P., Major-General Bui^ke, A. Pope, Esq., R. Damon, Esq., F.G.S., Lieut. -Colonel Stewart, Lieut.-Colonel Swaffield, Mrs. Reginald Smith, G. Andrews, Esq., the Rev. J. D. and Mrs. Addison, Dr. Lithgow, Mr. T. B. Groves, Mr. and Mrs. B. Hopkins, Mr. J. Grieve, Mr. J. T. Shorto, Mr. J. Vincent, Mr. Fudge, the Rev. H. Bothamley, etc., etc.
At three o'clock the Mayor (J. Milledge, Esq.), attended by the fol- lowing members of the Corporation — the Town Clerk (F. C. Steggall, Esq.), Aldermen Ayling and Thompson, Councillors Vertue, H. Devenish, J. Devenish, Roberts, Welsford, G. Eliot, Robertson, Drew, Thomas, Talbot, and Luce — arrived in their robes of office to receive the President and officers and members of the Association, and the Town Clerk read the following address : —
a
" To the President and Members of the British Archaeological
Association.
" Mr. President and Gentlemen, — The Mayor and Corporation of
the Borough of Weymouth and Melcombe Regis beg, in the name of
the inhabitants, to welcome you to their ancient and loyal town. They
have not many objects of archasological interest in the borough, but its 1872 12
8G PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONGRESS.
connection with the history of the past is very gratifying to themselves, and they have no doubt from what you will learn during your sojourn amongst them, it will prove as interesting to you. It will be the pleasure of the Mayor to afford you all the assistance and information in his power, and the inhabitants hope you will leave Weymouth with many pleasing recollections of your visit."
Mr. E. Roberts, F.S.A., Hon. Sec, in replying, said : "Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen of the Corporation, — The members of our Association must, I am sure, feel very grateful to you for the reception with which you have so kindly favoured us, and the hearty welcome you have given us. The purpose of these meetings is to bring forward informa- tion for the improvement of history by studying archaeological remains wherever they may be found, and by means of a few gentlemen, mem- bers of this and kindred associations, who work and have worked for many years among the dust and rubbish, as some people call it, scat- tered through the kingdom. We have, we hope, in our volumes pro- duced materials which have added to the information and increased the pleasures of the English people and those who speak the English language throughout the world. Dorsetshire, as it appeared to us, has never been thoroughly treated, the one great history of the county being certainly not such an one as it might possess. There are, unfor- tunately, several errors and omissions in it ; and we hope, therefore, that during this wreek we shall find many persons in this county who may be induced to bring forward materials which may help to correct those errors, and supply those omissions. We do not at all expect, in the course of a week, to examine all the objects of interest which are to be seen, or all that is valuable. We are obliged in going from place to place as we do, over a large tract of country, to leave a great deal un- touched, aud we are compelled to call upon the knowledge of the in- habitants rather than to describe seriatim each object that comes before us. We trust, however, that in a county so rich in everything that is interesting historically, the meeting will be both pleasant and useful to ourselves and others, and that we shall learn as much from our visit as you will from the treasures brought forward and the sites inspected during oar sojourn here."
The President then read his inaugural address, and said: " Gentle- men,— I beg to express my sincere thanks for the great honour con- ferred on me in asking me to preside on this occasion. I felt rather to shrink from such a duty, knowing how many men there are more qualified than I am to fill the position, but I felt, on the other hand, that when you so kindly asked me to do so, you did it with the best intentions towards me, and now hope that you will grant me your kind indulgence, and take the will for the deed. I hope before the close of the week, through being a listener, I maybe able to go away far belter
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONGRESS. s7
instructed in the curiosities and archeology of this county than I am at present. I have made a few extracts, which I beg to submit to 3 oar notice, and thank you most sincerely for the compliment you have paid mc.
" Although "Weymouth itself does not at the present time show forth many remains of ancient buildings, still we have strong reasons for believine that the town is coeval with the invasion of this island by the Romans. The Via Iceuiana, one of the military roads, commenced here ; and the whole neighbourhood is surrounded with British and Roman remains. In the year 1812, on Jordan Hill, an urn was found filled with silver coins of Gordianus, Trajanus Decius, Treb. Callus, and Gallienus. In Ellis's Antiquities of Weymouth we are told that King Athelstan, in a.d. 938, granted to the use of Milton Abbey 1 all that water within the shore of Weymouth, and half the stream of that Weymouth out at sea, seventy-two acres, for the support of the weir and its officer : three thaynes and a saltern by the weir, and sixty- seven hides of land in its neighbourhood.' Ethelred bestowed a charter on Weymouth, and the document is still preserved in the archives of Winchester Cathedral. Weymouth first sent members to Parliament in the year 1319 (12 of Edward II), and Melcombe dates its enfran- chisement from the same origin. Bubb Doddington, in his diary, speaks of Weymouth as 'a borough of two names, which had the honour of sending four members to Parliament,' and he returned them, with two others, six nominees to the House of Commons. The success of Wey- mouth as a watering place is due to Ralph Allen, the friend of Pope, who styled him the ' Humble Allen.' He
' Did good by stealth, and blushed to find it fame.'
" The following is from a letter by the Rev. F. V. Luke : — ' Crossing frequently from the Channel Islands to Weymouth, it often struck me that the march of the Romans into Britain by that part had not met with the attention which so important a fact deserved. The camp of Dorchester shows that the domination of so useful an inlet was pecu- liarly attended to. The Romans, in their progress through Gaul, fol- lowed a route already prepared for them by natives, under the leader- ship of the Druids. If you will take a map and draw a line from the ruins of Carnac in Brittany to Stonehenge, you will see that a large drift of people lay on each side of that line, passing through the Chan- nel Islands, where the various Druidical remains have been very numerous. Weymouth was the nearest port lying on that line, and the shortest distance of any by sea to Cherbourg. Jersey was called Caesarea ; Cherbourg, Corialum — and most of the Norman coast towns bore Latin names. By all accounts the Phoenicians seemed to have travelled on this line, and carried their tin through the country on horses; and as the Romans had to follow the same route through
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONGRESS.
Lower Gaul, it may bo assumed that they crossed over to Weymouth, after the manner of the Phoenicians. The people of Normandy claim to have taught boat-sailing and navigation to the English, which might probably have been the case. The proximity of the great Roman highway to Salisbury speaks for itself; for no doubt a considerable in- tercourse must have existed between the Druid population (if we may so call them) of Carnac on the one side, and Stonehenge on the other ; and it could only have been carried on by Weymouth and its neigh- bourhood, as the nearest point of intercourse over the sea ; and the Romans, following in their steps, would naturally take the same route.'
" The Duke of Gloucester, brother of George III, built the Gloucester Hotel, standing when first erected alone and isolated on the Esplanade ; and George III purchased it in 1788, and resided many seasons there. So long as George III lived there can be no doubt whatever that Weymouth was a courtly place, notwithstanding Sergeant Davis, who led the western circuit, said, — ' The farther I go West, the more I am convinced that wise men come from the East.'
" Weymouth was represented by Sir Christopher Wren in 1701, by Sir James Thornhill in 1722, who painted the altar piece, and presented it to the church, which j-ou may now inspect. It is curious to mention that before the Reform Bill of 1831, which reduced Weymouth to two members, that two hundred freeholds were split into two thousand votes, and that some of them voted for the thirteen hundred and sixtieth part of a sixpenny freehold. I have never been able to dis- cover a drawing of the old church before the present church was built, and if any one present could furnish us with any drawing of it, it would be very interesting ; no doubt there must have been an ancient ecclesi- astical building. The present church was opened in 1817. The altar piece, painted and given by Sir James Thornhill, was valued at £700. By taking Weymouth as a centre, and drawing a circle, including Portland, from Corfe Castle to Abbotsbury Castle, many objects of in- terest will be included, and particularly the ' Celtic tumuli,' and sepul- chral mounds of the Durotriges. They have been ably described by Chas. Warne, Esq., F.R.S., in a work dedicated to my friend, Dr. Smart, a copy of which I desire to place on your table for inspection.
" Portland appears to have been well known to the Romans. The traces of a Roman encampment on the hill mark its history. About the year 800 the island was invaded by the Danes, and a conflict oc- curred between the Danish pirates and the Portland baleares or slingers. In 1052 Earl Godwin, in the reign of the last of our Saxon kings, plundered it with a fleet from Flanders. In 1404 the island was at- tacked by the French. In 1-520 the castle was built by Henry VIII near the silo of one of Saxon architecture. It will be interesting to those who will visit Portland to examine the strength and works of the
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONGRESS. 89
present day in comparison with former ages ; tlie fusses measuring from about 70 feet in depth to about 100 feet in width, resembling Malta in solid stone. In the year 1580 the estimate of the defence of the town of Weymouth was — Eight pieces of ordnance, £80 ; powder and shot, £40 ; carriages, wheels, and sponges, £20 ; expenses of bul- warks and powder houses, £60 = £200. England was threatened with the Spanish armada, and
' When the great fleet invincible against her bore in vain The richest spoils of Mexico, the stoutest hearts of Spain',
Weymouth sent six