\ \ INDEX. Academy Imperial des Sciences, Belles Lettres et Arts de Bordeaux, don. to lib., iii. ix. x. xxiv. xxv. Academy Imp. des Sciences, Belles Let- tres et Artsde Lyon, don. to lib., x. Academy Imp. des Sciences, Arts et Belles Lettres, de Dijon, don. to lib., viii. Academia Reale della Scientia di Tori- no, don. to lib., vlii. xxiv. Academy, American, of Arts and Sciences, don. to lib., xiv. xxii. Academy of Sciences Royal Bavarian, don. to lib., xi. Academy Imperial Leopold-Carolinian, don. to lib. , xi. xxv. Academy, Royal Prussian, of Sciences Berlin, don. to lib. xi. Academy of Science of St. Louis, don. to lib., xii. Academy, Royal of Naples, don to lib., xxi. xxiv. xxv. Akademien, Kongliga Svenska Veten- skaps, don. to lib., iii. Akademie, Kaiserlicbe der Wissen- schaften, don. to lib., vii. xi. Akademie, Koninkligke von Weten- schoppen, don. to lib., vii. Academy of Nat. Sci., California, don. to mus. V. Abbott, Cbas. C, don. to mus., v. Agnew, Rev. W. Gr. E., don. to mus., ii. Allen, J. J., Esq., don. to mus. iii. Anderson, N. J., don. to lib., xii. Anthony, J. G., don. to mus., ii. v. vi. Aslimead, Mr. Saml., remarks on ma- rine Algae, 8 ; resignation of Cura- torsbip, 211 ; resolutions of thanks to, 212 ; don. to mus., ii. Auditors, report of, on annual report of Treas. 9. Association, American, for the ad- vancement of science, don. to lib., vi. 1858.] Astor Library, don. to lib., iii. Atkinson, Butler E., don. to lib., xxii. Association, Young Men's Mercantile Library, Cincinnati, don. to lib. xxii. Baird, Prof. S. F., M. D., description of a Phyllostome Bat from Califor- nia, in the Museum of the Smithso- nian Inst., 113 ; description of new- genera and species of N. American Lizards, in the Museum of the Smithsonian Inst., 222, don, to lib., xxvi. Beesley, Thos., Esq., don. to mus., v. Beadle, Rev. E. R., don. to mus., ii. B. W., don. to mus., i. Beke, Chas. T., don. to lib., iii. Berand, M. T. C, don. to lib., iv. Binney, W. G., Esq., notes on Ameri- can land shells. No. 3, 113 ; notes on American land shells. No. 4, 190 ; don. to mus., ii. iv., don. to lib., x. Bingham, R., don. to mus., i. Biological Department, application of members to be constituted, 4 ; re- ports from adopted, 92 ; proceedings of, 114 ; report from, 137 ; report from, 179 ; report from, 213 ; re- port from, 222. Bland, Thomas, Esq., don. to lib., viii. Booth, Prof. Jos. C, remarks on crys- tals of lead, 2. Bridges R., M. D., don. to mus., v. Bronn, Prof. H. G., don. to lib., vii. xxi. Brasier, A. J., don. to lib., xii. xviii. Boston, City of, don. to lib., xiii. Buckley, S. B., don. to mus., iv. Biiche, J. W., don. to lib., xxv. By-Laws, Amendments to, read 1st time, 4 ; read 2d time, 9 ; read 3d time and passed, 15 ; for the govern- ment of Com. on Proceedings, passed, 137. iv. INDEX. Brown, Walter, don. to mns., vi. Caldcleugh, Robert A., announcement of death of, 135. Camac, Dr. Wm., resolution by, 10 ; don. to mus., ill. Carson, Dr. Joseph, remarks on fruit of Gaylussacia resinosa, 176 ; don. to mus., i. Canada, Geological Survey, don. to lib.,xxi. xxii. Cassin, John, remarks on Falco polya- grus, 1 ; announcement of death of Dr. Hare, 114 ; description of a new Tanager from the Isthmus of Darien, and note on Selenidera spectabilis, 177 ; read letter from Capt. Lynch, 179 ; Catalogue of Birds collected by Dr. A. A. Henderson, U. S. N., at Hakodadi, 190 ; remarks on Hes- periphon vespertina, 191 ; resolu- tions by, 211, 212 ; don. to lib., xviii. Christy, Prof. David, note on fossils, 190 ; don. to lib., xxii. ; don. to mus., vi. Clanton, S. W., Esq., don. to mus., i. Claparede, R. E., don. to lib., xi. Cleaveland, T. P., don. to mus., iii. Coates, Dr. B. H., don. to mus., vii. Committee on Biological Department, 4. Committee on Aquarium, 10. Committees, election of standing, 5. Committees on scientific papers : on Catalogue and notes on the Egyptian Antiquities in the Collection of Acad, of Nat. Sciences, by J. H. Slack, 1 ; on Remarks on an Optical Illusion, by Dr. Alexander Wilcocks ; on de- scriptions of new organic remains, collected in Nebraska Territory, by Dr. F. V. Hayden and others, un- _ der the direction of Lieut. Gr. K. Warren, U. S. Top. Eng., with some remarks on the Geology of the Black Hills, &c., 9 ; on Prodromus Des- criptionis Animalium Invertebrato- rum quae in Expeditione ad Ocean. Pacif. Septentrion. a Repub. Feder. missa Cadwalladaro Ringgold et Jo- hanne Rodgers ducibus, observavit et descripsit W. Stimpson, 11 ; on notice of Remains of extinct verte- brata, from the Valley of the Nio- brara River, collected during an ex- pedition under the command of Lieut. G. K. Warren, U. S. Top. Eng. to explore the region of the Black Hills, by Dr. P. V. Hayden, Geologist to the Expedition, by Jo- seph Leidy, M. D., 11 ; on Descrip- tions of new species of Coleoptera, chiefly collected by the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Commission un- der Maj. W. H. Emory, by John L. LeConte, M. D., 12 ; on descriptions of new species of Neuropterous In- sects, collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition under Capt. J. Rodgers, by P. R. Uhler, 12 ; on De- scriptions of a new Helix and two new Planorbes, by Isaac Lea, LL. D. ; on Descriptions of eight new species of Unio, by ^saac Lea, LL. D., 12; on Prodromus Animalium evertebratorum, &c., observavit et descripsit W. Stimpson, 90 ; on con- tributions to Helminthology, by Jo- seph Leidy, M. D., 90 ; on notes on American Land Shells, No. 3, by Wm. G. Binney, 113 ; on descrip- tion of a new Phyllostome Bat from California, in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, by S. F. Baird, M. D., 113 ; on Prodromus descriptionis Animalium Evertebra- torum, &c., observavit et descrip- sit W. Stimpson, Pars vi. ; Crusta- cea Oxystomata, 135 ; on descrip- tions of seven new species of Mar- garitana and four new species of Anodonta, by Isaac Lea, LL. D., 135 ; on notes to a second edition of a Geological Map of Nebraska and Kansas, by F. V. Hayden, M. D., 135 ; on descriptions of twelve new species of Uniones and other fresh- water shells of the U. States, by Isaac Lea, LL. D., 163 ; on notes upon various new genera and spe- cies of Fishes in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, and collect- ed in connection with the U. States and Mexican Boundary Survey, Maj. Wm. H. Emory Commissioner, by Chas. Girard, M. D., 165 ; on Mine- ralogical notes, by W. J. Taylor, 171 ; on description of a new Tana- ger from the Isthmus of Darien, and note on Selenidera spectabilis, by John Cassin, 177 ; on description of a new species of Argynnis, by James C. Fisher, M. D., 178 ; on Catalogue of the Coleoptera of the regions adjacent to the boundary be- tween the U. States and Mexico, by [1858. INDEX. V. Jolm L. Le Conte, M. D., 179 ; on communication of J. J. Hayes, 113 ; on Say's Conchology, authority to sell, 114 ; on descriptions of two new species of Birds from the vicini- ty of Fort Tejon, California, by John X. Be Vesey, U. S. A., 117 ; on de- scription of a new Toxostoma, from Fort Thorn, New Mexico, by Dr. T. Charlton Henry, U. S. A., 117; on description of four new fresh- water Mollusca, from the Isthmus of Darien, by Isaac Lea, LL. D., 118 ; on memoranda of the elfects of car- buretted hydrogen gas upon a col- lection of exotic plants, by G. W. Fahnestock, 118 ; on notes on American land shells, by W. G. Bin- ney, 190 ; on description of the em- bryonic forms of thirty-eight spe- cies of Unionidse, by Isaac Lea, and on new Unionidse of the U. S., by Isaac Lea, LL. D., 190 ; on cata- logue of Birds collected by Dr. A. A. Henderson, U. S. N., at Hakodadi, Japan, with notes by John Cassin, 190 ; on Ichthy ©logical Notices, by Chas. Girard, M. D. 213; on Pro- dromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum, &c., observavit et descripsit W. Stimpson, 213 ; on de- scription of new genera and species of N. American Lizards in the Museum of the Smithsonian Insti- tution, by S. F. Baird, M. D., 222 ; on remarks on the lower cretaceous beds of Kansas and Nebraska, with descriptions of some new species of carboniferous fossils from the val- ley of the Kansas River, by F. B. Meek, and F. V. Hayden, M. D., 222. Company, Directors of East India, don. to lib., xvii. Cooper, Miss M. A., don. to mus., xii. Cox, Harry and Rowland, don. to mus., iv. Correspondents elected, 273. Corse, Dr. R. M., remarks on testicles of Arctomys monax, &c., 165, don. to mus., vi. Cresson, Dr. C. M., vote of thanks to, 176 ; remarks on ripple marked sandstone, 177 ; don. to mus., iv. Cresson, E. T., don. to mus., iii. v. Cuming, H., don. to mus., vi. Curioni Giulio, don. to lib., xxiv 1858.] Dana, J. B., don. to lib., xxv. Dawson, Mr. J. W., don. to lib., iii. Department of War, don. to lib., iii. ix. xiii. xxii. De Vesey, John Xanthus, description of two new species of birds from the vicinity of Fort Tejon, California, 117. Dougherty, A. J., don. to mus. i. vi. Drexler, C., don. to mus., vi. Drinker, S. Esq., don. to mus., v. Dowler, Dr. Bennet, don. to lib., vi. Durand, Elias, don. to lib., xxv. Durand, Alfred B., don. to mus., iv. Editors Charleston Medical Journal and Review, don. to lib., iii. xii. xiii. xxii. Editors American Jour. Sci. and Arts. don. to lib., iii. v. ix. xii. xiii. xxii. Editors New Orleans Med. and Surg. Journ., don. to lib., iii. v. viii. ix. xii. xvi. xxii. Editors of Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, don. to lib. , iii. vi. ix. xii. xiii. xxii. Editor of Journal of Ind. Archipel. and Eastern Asia, don. to lib., iii. x. Editor of London Nat. Hist. Review, don. to lib,, iii. xi. xiii. xxv. Editors of the Wurtembergische Natur- wissenschaftliche Jahreshefte, don. to lib., iii. xi.'xiii. Editor of Arcliiv fur Naturgeschichte, don. to lib., iii. vii. xi. xiii. Editors of Canadian Journ. of Indus. Sci. and Arts, don. to lib., v. x. xiii. xviii. Editors of Peninsular Jour, of Medi- cine, don. to lib., v. Editors of New York Journ. of Medi- cine, don. to lib., v. xii. xiii. xxii. Editors of Zeitschrift fur die Gesamm. Naturwis., don. to lib., vii. Editors of Abhandlun. des Naturwis. Vereins fur Sachsen und Thnringen in Halle, don. to lib., vii. Editor of Neues Jahrbuch fur Min. Geog., &c., don. to lib., xi. xxv. Editors of American Journ. of Pharm., don. to lib., xiv. Election of standing committees, 5 ; annual of officers, 272 ; of members and correspondents, 273. Erdmann, A., don. to lib., vi. Eppes, Dr., don. to mus., vii. Fahnestock, George W. , memoranda of the effects of carburetted hydro- vi. INDEX. gen gas upon a collection of exotic plants, 118. Farquhar, G. W., don to mus., iv. Faraday, Michael, don. to lib., viii. Fisher, J. B., Esq., don. to mus., iv. Fisher, Dr. James C, resolution by, 137 ; announcement of death of J. W. Van Cleve, 177 ; announcement of payment of mortgage debt, 178 ; description of a new species of Ar- gynnis, 178; don. to lib., xvi., don. to mus., iv. V. Fisher, J. Gr., Esq., don. to mus., v. Fleming, Capt., don. to lib., xii. Foulke, Wm. Parker, remarks on the Deep River Country, 9 ; correction of misprint in the Proceedings of 16th of Feb., 1858, 113 ; remarks on the fossil bones, shells, and wood presented by him, 213; don. to mus., vi. Frishmuth, Wm., don. to mus. iii. (labb, "Wm. M., don. to mus., iii. Gerstsecker, Dr. A., don. to lib., xiv. Gribbs, George, don. to mus., ii. Gillis, Lieut. J. M., LL.D., U. S. N., don. to lib., xiii. Girard, Dr. Charles, notes upon vari- ous new genera and new species of fishes in the Museum of the Smith- sonian Inst., and collected in con- nection with the U. States and Mexi- can Boundary Survey, Maj. Wm. H. Emory, Commissioner, 165; Ichthyo- logical notices, 213. Goddard, Dr. Paul B., don. to mus., iii. Haines, Wm. A., Esq., don. to mus., ii. Hammond, Dr. Wm. A., U. S. A., re- marks on sections of jet, 11 ; resolu- tion by, 18 ; secondary formation of blood crystals, 177 ; don. to mus. ii. remarks on fossils presented by Mr. Foulke, 221. Hall, Prescott, don. to mus., iii. Hansen, P. A., don. to lib., viii. Hare, Dr. Robert, announcement of death of, 114. Harris, Edward, Esq., letter on Salmo Gloverii, 135 ; don. to mus., iii. Hartshorne, Dr. Henry, report of Sum- mary of Trans, of Biol. Dept. , 92. Harvey, Prof., of Dublin, extract of letter from, on algae, 8. Hawkins, J. S., don. to mus., i. iii. Hayden, Dr. F. V., notes to a second edition of a geological map of Ne- braska and Kansas, 135 ; don. to mus., iii. Hays, Dr. Isaac, remarks on tooth of new Mastodon, 10 ; death of Dr. Minturn, 176. Hays, Dr. Isaac I., communication from, 113. Henderson, Dr. A. A., U. S. N., don. to mus., iii. iv. v. vi. Hazeltine, Ward B., Esq., don. to mus., i. Henry, Dr. T. Charlton, U. S. A., de- scription of a new Toxostoma from Fort Thom, New Mexico, 117. Higgins, Frank., don. to lib., xviii. Hines, J. M., don. to mus., i. vii. Holmes, F. S., Esq., don. to lib., v. xiii. Hopkins, Dr. H. St. G., don. to mus., i. Hiint, T. Sterry, don. to lib., ix. Huddy, Mr., don. to mus., i. Hulick, James, don. to mus., iii. Institute, Royal Imperial Geological, don. to lib., xi. Institute, Maryland, don. to lib., xiii. Janeway, Dr. J. H., don. to mus., vi. Jacubowitsch, Dr. W., don. to lib., xi. Jardin des Plantes, exchange with mus., i. iii. Jeanes, Joseph, Esq., don. to lib., iv.; don. to mus., v. Johnston, A. S., don. to mus., vi. Kirkland, Mr., don. to mus., i. Kuhn, C, don. to mus. iv. Lacordaire, M. F., don. to lib., iv. Lapham, J. A., don. to lib., iii. Latour, Huguet, Capt., don. to lib., xxiv. Lawson, Dr. George, don. to lib., xxiv. Lea, Isaac, LL. D,, remarks on frag- ments of conglomerate, &c., 11 ; de- scriptions of a new Helix and two new Planorbes ; remarks on collec- tions of fresh-water Molluscs, .13 ; on a specimen of rosin found with coal, 15 ; remarks' on Permian and Triassic formations in Kansas and in Penn., 90 ; remarks on speci- mens of Unionidse, 114 ; descriptions of four new fresh-water Molluscs, from the Isthmus of Darien and Honduras, 118 ; remarks on a spe- cimen of Unio rubiginosus, 135 ; de- [1858. INDEX. vii. scriptions of seven new species of Margaritana and four new species of Anodonta, 135 ; descriptions of twelve new species of Uniones and other fresh-water shells of the U. S., 163 ; remarks on Triquetra contor- ta, 169 ; descriptions of the Embry- onic forms of 38 species of Unionidse and new Unionidse of the U. S., 190 ; remarks on fossils presented by Mr. Foulke, 218 ; don. to lib., iv. ; don- to mus., i. ii. Le Conte, Dr. J. L., remarks on Mas- todon bed at the village of Tambla, 7 ; descriptions of new species of Coleoptera, chiefly collected by the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Com- mission, &c., 12; catalogue of the Coleoptera of the regions adjacent to the boundary between the U. S. and Mexico, note on the species of Eleodes found within the U. S., 179 ; motion by, for a Com., 18 ; remarks on Coleopterous Insects of Japan, 163; don. to mus., i. ii. iii. iv. v. vii. Leidy, Dr. Joseph, remarks on Urna- tella gracilis, 1 ; notice of collection of fossils brought from Nebraska Territory, by F. V. Hayden, 1 ; re- marks on the remains of Camel and Wolf from Nebraska, 2 ; remarks on fossil Mammalia from Nebraska, 7 ; resolution of thanks to Mrs. R. Pier- pont, 7 ; read a letter from Messrs. Meek and Hayden, 9 ; remarks on fossils from Nebraska, 10 ; notice of remains of extinct vertebrata from the valley of the Niobrara river, &c., 11 ; remarks on a cast of a Mas- todon tooth, &c., 12 ; read a letter from B. F. Shumard, 14 ; remarks on fossil remains from Nebraska, 89 ; contributions to Helminthology, 90 ; remarks on Chrysalides of the can- ker worm (Eudolimia), 137 ; re- marks on Rhyncodemus sylvaticus, 171 ; remarks on a specimen of Cryo- lite, 177 ; remarks on antler of rein- deer, 179 ; remarks on Polyzoa, 188 ; remarks of, on Hadrosaurus Foulkii, 215 ; don. to lib., xxiv. xxvi. ; don. to inus., iii. v. vi. vii. Lehman, J. A., don. to mus., vi. Lesley, J. P., remarks on reverse drain- age of uplands bordering the Ohio, 8, 9 ; remarks on fragments of con- glomerate from under the coal, &c., 1858.] 11 ; remarks on a specimen of lig- nite with rosin, 14. Lesquereux, L., don, to lib., ix. Lettsom, W. Gr. Esq., don. to lib., ix. Lynch, Capt. F. W., U. S. N., letter from, on Human bones from Brazos Santiago, 179 ; don. to mus., v. Lugren, Dr. H. Gr., don. to mus., vi. Ludlow, Dr. B. C, don. to mus., vi. Morris, Dr. J. C, don. to mus., vii. Maitland, R. F-, don. to lib., iii. xiv. Martins, Dr. C. F. P., von, don. to lib., xxiv. Meek, Mr. F. B. and Dr. F. V. Hayden, descriptions of new organic remains collected in Nebraska Territory, by Dr. F. V. Hayden and others, under the direction of Lieut. G. K. Warren, U. S. Top. Eng., with some remarks on the Goology of the Black Hills and portions of the surrounding country, 9' ; letter from, 9 ; remarks on the Cretaceous Beds of Kansas and Nebraska, with descriptions of some new species of Carboniferous Fossils in the valley of the Kansas River, 222.- Meigs, C. D., M. D., don. to mus., vi. Meigs, Dr. J. A., don. to mus., iii. Micliener, A. C, don. to mus., i. Minturn, Dr. Edward, announcement of death of, 176. Mitchell, Dr. S. Weir, on the Blood Crystals of. the Sturgeon, 02 ; don, to lib., ix. XXX. don. to mus., iii. Moore, Dr. Francis, don. to mus., ii. iii. Morris, Rev. Dr., invitation to mem- bers of the Academy to meeting of the Amer. Assoc. at Baltimore, 12, Morse, James W., Esq., don. to mus., i. Motschulsky, Col. V., de don. to lib., x. Murchison, Sir Roderick L, don. to lib., iv. Miiller, Dr. Johannes, announcement of death of, 135. Moore, C, Esq., don. to mus., vi« Nagle, Joseph M., don. to mus., ii. Nodot, M. S., don. to lib., viii. Morris, Thaddeus, don. to mus., iv. Norcom, Dr. Wm. A., don. to mus., vii. Ord, George, President. Observatory, Dudley, don. to lib., xvi. Osborn, Rev. H. S., don. to mus., iv. viii. INDEX. Osten Sacken, Baron R., don. to lib., x. Owen, David Dale, M. D., don. to lib., vii. Pease, M., don. tomus., ii. Pierpont. Mrs. R., resolution of thanks to, 222 ; don. to mus., vi. Packer, Gov. Wm. F., thanks of Acade- my to, 222 ; don. to mus., vi. Phoebus, Phillip, don. to lib., xxv. Piggot, Dr. A. S., don. to mus., vi. Portlock, Col. J. E., don. to lib., v. Postell, James, don. to mus., ii. Powell, Samuel, Esq., remarks on a volcanic agency, 8 ; don. to mus., i. iii. iv. V. vi. vii. Powell, John Hare, don. to mus., i. ii. iii. Powell, Miss Mary E., don. to mus., ii. iv. Publication Committee, report post- poned, 272. Rand, Chas. S., don. to mus., ii. Reports of Committee on Junction with Biological Soc, 2 ; on paper of J. H. Slack, catalogue and notes, &c., 5 ; on Dr. Wilcock's paper, 15 ; on paper of Messrs. Meek and Hayden, 15 ; on paper of Wm. Stimpson, 15 ; on paper of Dr. Leidy, 15 ; on pa- per of Dr. Le Conte, 15 ; on paper of Mr. Uhler, 15 ; on two papers by Mr. Lea, 15 ; on paper of Mr. Stimp- son, 93 ; on paper of Joseph Leidy, M. D., 110 ; on paper by Wm. G. Binney, 1 14 ; on paper by Spencer F. Baird, M. D., 116 ; on paper by J. X. De Vesey, 117 ; on paper by Dr. T. Charlton Henry, U. S. A., 117 ; on paper by Isaac Lea, LL. D., 118 ; on memoranda by G. W. Fah- nestock, 118 ; on paper by Isaac Lea, ,LL. D., 138 ; on paper by Dr. F. V. Hayden, 139 ; on paper by W. Stimpson, Esq., 159 ; on communi- cation by Dr. I. I. Hayes, 164; on paper by Isaac Lea, LL. D., 165 ; on paper by Chas. Girard, M. D., 167 ; on paper by Wm. J. Taylor, 172 ; on paper by John Cassin, Esq. , 177 ; on paper by Dr. Le Conte, 179 ; on paper by Dr. J. C. Fisher, 179 ; on paper of Dr. Le Conte, 180 ; on paper of John Cassin, 191 ; on papers of Isaac Lea, LL. D., 191 ; on paper of W. G. Binney, 197 ; on paper of Dr. Charles Girard, 223 ; on paper of Wm. Stimpson, 225 ; on pa- per of Spencer F. Baird, 253 ; on paper of T. B. Meek and F. V. Hay- den, 256. Report of Curators, Annual, 270. Report of Treasurer, Annual, 272. Report of Corresponding Secretary, 266. Report of Recording Secretary, An- nual, 269. Report of Librarian, Annual, 269. Resolutions, on communication of Dr. I. I. Hayes, 113 ; repealing former resolutions on Committee on Pro- ceedings, 137 ; of Committee on pa- per of Dr. Hayes, 164 ; on special agent of Virginia lands, 179 ; of thanks to S. Ashmead, 212 ; direct- recting the Proceedings\oi the Acade- my to be furnished to Mrs. L. W. Say, 212 ; giving to Mrs. C. Watson authority to endorse tickets, &c., 212 ; on the resignation of the Pre- sident, Mr. George Ord, 272. Richardson, Dr. T. S., don. to mus., iii. Ridings, James, don. to mus., v. Rogers, Prof. W. B., don to lib., xiii. Ruschenberger, Dr. W. S. W., U. S. N., Report of Committee of Confe- rence twith Biological Society on junction of Societies, 2; don. to mus., V. Rogers, Erof. R, E. M. D., don. to mus. vii. Sanford, Mr. C. 0., letter from, 212. Sandberger, Drs. G. and F., don. to lib., iv. Saussure, H. de, don. to lib., viii. Say, Mrs. L. W., Proceedings to be sent to, 212, Sergeant, J. D., Esq., don. tomus., ii. iv. V. vi. Shumard, Dr. B. F. and G. C. Swallow, don. to lib., vii. Slack, Mr. J. H., catalogue and notes on the Egyptian Antiquities in the collection of the Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., 1 ; don. to lib., iii. ; don. to mus., i. ii. iv. v. vi. ; don. to lib., xxii. School of Mines, don. to lib., iii. viii. X. xvi. Smith, Aubrey H., Esq., remarks on figures from Siam, 2. Sharswood, Wm., don. to lib., xvi. Smith, John Henry, don. to mus., i, [1858. INDEX. Smithsonian Institution, don. to mus., ii. Society, Zoological and Botanical, of Vienna, don. to lib., iii. Society, Amer. Greog. and Statistical, don. to lib., iv. Society, Zoological of London, don. to lib,, iv. Society, Royal, of Sciences at Liege, don. to lib., iv. xxv. Society, Academical, of Maine et Loire, don. to lib., iv. Society, Greological, of London, don. to lib., V. vi. X. xvii. Society, Boston, of Nat. Hist., don. to lib., V. ix. xvi. xxiv. Society, Royal, Gardeners in Berlin, don. to lib., vii. Society, Royal Saxony, of Sciences at Leipsic, don. to lib., vii. Society, Wurtemberg, Nat. Hist., don. to lib., vii. Society, Royal Danisli, Nat. Hist., don. to lib., vii. Society, Imp., Nat. Sci. of Cherbourg, don. to lib., viii. Society, Historical, of Penn., don. to lib., viii. Society of Phys. and Nat. Sci., Bor- deaux, don. to lib., viii. Society, Geol. and Polytech., of West R. of Yorkshire, don. to lib., viii. ^ Society, Leeds, Phil, and Literary, don. to lib., viii. Society of Arts, London, don. to lib., ix. xi. xiv. xxv. Society, American Antiquarian, don. to lib. X. Society, Linnean, of London, don. to lib., xi. Society, Imperial, of Naturalists of Moscow, don. to lib., xi. Society, Entomological, of Stettin, don. to lib., xi. Society, Natural History, in Basle, don. to lib., xi. Society, Royal Zoological, of Amster- dam, don. to lib., xi. Society, Phisico-Medical, of Wurz- burg, don. to lib., xi. Society, Philomatique de Bordeaux, don. to lib,, xii. Society, Vaudoise, of Natural Sciences, don. to lib., xii. Society, Grerman Geological, don. to lib., xiii. Society, American Philosophical, don. to lib., xvi. 1858.] Society, Royal, of London, don. to lib,, xviii. Society, Natural History, of Freiburg, don. to lib., xxiv. xxv. Society, Natural History, of Zurich, don. to lib., xxiv. Society, Royal, of Edinburgh, don. to lib., xxiv. Society^ Natural History, of Danzig, xxv. Society, Natural History, of Saxony and Thuringen in Halle, xxv. Society, Royal, of Gottingen, don. to lib., xxv. Society, Natural History, of Geissen, xxv. Society, Natural History, of Wurtem- burg, xxv. Society, Imp. of Agriculture, Lyons, xxv. Society, Lyceum of Nat. Hist., of New York, xxv. Sommerville, Dr. J. M., don. to mus., ii. SorbyH. C, don. to lib., vii. Swallow, G. C, don. to lib., xii. Swift, Robert, Esq., don. to mus., ii. iv. Spillman, Dr. Wm., don. to mus., vii. Savage, Dr., don. to mus., vii. Sauvalle, F. A., don. to mus., iii. Schafhirt, Frederick, don. to mus., iii. Semple, Dr. J. E., U. S. N., don. to mus., vi. vii. Stimpson, Wm., Esq., Prodromus de- scriptionis animalium invertebrato- rum quae in Expeditione ad Oceanum Pacificum Septentrionalem a Repub- lica federata missa Cadwaladaro Ringgold et Johanne Rodgers duci- bus, observavitet descripsit,Pars iv. Crustacea Cancroidea et Corystoidea, 11 ; Prodromus descriptionis Ani- malium, &c.. Pars V. Crustacea Ocy- podoidea, 90 ; Prodromus descrip- tionis Animalium, &c,, Pars vi. Crustacea Oxystoma, 135 ; Prodro- mus descriptionis Animalium, &c., Pars vii. Crustacea Anomoura, 213. Taylor, Wm. J., Esq., remarks on crystals from Las Piedras, Honduras, 113 ; mineralogical notes, 171, don. to mus., i. Tatham, W. P., don. to mus., vi. Tyson, Hon. Job R., announcement of death of, 138. Thompson, J. H., don. to mus., ii. Trautwine, J. C, don. to mus., vi. X. INDEX. Trumbull, W. P., don. to lib., xiv. Tuckerman, E., don. to mus., vi. Uliler, Dr. Wm. H., remarks on a spe- cimen of nitre, 1 ; remarks on speci- mens of crystallized lead, 2 ; don. to mus., i. iii. iv. vii. Van Cleve, John W., Esq., announce- ment of death, of, 177. Vaux, Wm. S., resolution by, 18; don. to mus., iv. V. vi. vii. Wagner, George, don. to mus., vi, Wayne, Major, U. S. A., don. to lib., XXV. Warren, Lieut. O. H., Top. Eng., let- ter to Capt. A. A. Humphreys, 20. Watson, Dr. Gravin, announcement of death of, 188. Watson, Mrs. C, authority to endorse tickets, &c., 212. Wilcocks, Dr. Alexander, remarks on an optical illusion, 9. Wilson, Dr. T. B., don. to lib., i. ii. iii. iv. V. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii. xiv. XV. xvi. xvii. xviii. xix. XX. xxi, xxii. xxiii. xxiv. xxv. xxvi. xxvii. xxviii. Woodhouse, Dr. S. W., remarks on the canons of the Pacific side, 9 ; don. to mus., v. Wetherill, Dr. C. M., don. to lib., xxvi. Wilson, Edward, Esq., don. to lib., xxvi. Wood, Mr. W., don. to mus., iii. Wood, C. C, don. to mus,, iv. [1858. INDEX TO PEOCEEDINGS OF BIOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT For 1858. Atlee, Dr. Walter F., on an acephalous foetus, 8, 9 ; remarks on death from chloroform, 11 ; remarks on mucous corpuscles, 16 ; appointed Recorder pro tem., 21 ; on relaxation of the abdominal walls as a cause of hae- morrhoids, 23. Coates, Dr. B. H., remarks on death from chloroform, 11. Committees on papers : on paper of S. W. Mitchell, Observations on the Blood-crystals of the Sturgeon, 2, 9 ; on Summary of the Transactions of the Phila. Biol. Soc. by Dr. H. Harts- home, 2, 40 ; on essay on the su- pra-renal capsules, by Dr. J. Darby, 2, 10 ; on a case of fatty degenera- tion of the heart in which death fol- lowed the inhalation of chloroform, by Dr. Wm. A. Hammond, U. S. A. 2, 10 ; on tables for the registration of diseases, 23 ; on report of Dr. Mitchell, 26. Corse, Dr. J. M., remarks on an ace- phalous foetus, 9 ; remarks on tuber- culosis in domestic animals, 14; re- marks on hair on the cornea of an ox, 15. Donations from the Phila. Biol. Soc. 1, 2; Darley, Dr. J. , essay on the supra-re- nal capsules, 1, 2. Election of officers and committees for 1858, 1 ; of officers for 1859, 27. Election of members, 21, 28. Foulke, Wm. Parker, Esq., remarks on paper of Dr. Paton, 7 ; report on paper of Dr. Hartshorne, 27. Hammond, Dr. W. A., U. S. A., on a case of fatty degeneration of the 1858.] heart in which death followed the inhalation of chloroform 2,10,11 ; on the injection of urea and other sub- stances into the blood 4 ; remarks on oxalate of lime in urine, 6 ; on the alterations produced by inter- mittent fever in the excretion of urine, &c., 8 ; remarks on acepha- lous foetus, 9 ; on the secondary formation of blood crystals, 14 ; re- marks on presenting the new forms of " Krankheit's Tabelle," issued b^^ ' ' Verein fur gemeinschaftliche Ar- beiten, " 15 ; on the action of certain vegetable diuretics, 17 ; resolutions by, 27. Hartshorne, Henry, M.D., summary of the transactions of the Phila. Biol. Soc, 2, 4 ; remarks on paper of Dr. Paton, 7 ; remarks on the best means of advancing Biological sci- ence at the X->resent time, 8 ; remarks on death from chloroform, 10, 12; on the bearing of Physiology on Palaeontology, 12 ; remarks on can- cer, 17. Hartshorne, Dr. E., resolution by, 27; resolutions by, 28. Hays, Dr. I., remarks on death from chloroform, 11. Leidy, Dr. Joseph, remarks on intesti- nal absorption, 5 ; remarks on paper of Dr. Paton, 6, 7 ; remarks on an acephalous foetus, 8, 9 ; remarks on blood crystals, 9 ; remarks on honey dew, 10 ; on death from chloroform, 11 ; remarks on sections of the human cranium, 10 ; remarks on Echinococcus hominis, 12 ; remarks on a disease of the scales of a min- now, 12, 13; remarks on growth of hairs on the cornea of an ox, 15 ; re- marks on mucous corpuscles, 16; re- marks on the stomach of a mink xii. INDEX. (Mustela vison) containing a large number of worms, 25 ; remarks on a specimen of true bone found in tbe kidney of a mink, 28. Mitcbell, Dr. S. Weir, observations on the blood crystals of the sturgeon, 2, 9 ; remarks on reduction of tem- perature by depletion, 4 ; remarks on paper of Dr. Paton, 8 ; on the in- halation of Cinchona and its salts, 21 ; report on the subject of the changes undergone by the white race in America, 23 ; remarks on in- jecting pump and apparatus for test- ing the pulmonary capacity, 25 ; on the effect of certain substances on the exposed heads of animals, 28. Morris, Dr. J. Cheston, remarks on human embryo ten or twelve days old, 2 ; remarks on oxaluria, 5 ; re- marks on acephalous foetus, 8 ; re- marks on honey dew, 10 ; remarks on death from choloroform, 11, 12 ; remarks on tuberculosis in domestic animals, 14 ; remarks on a case of extra-uterine pregnancy, &c., 13 ; remarks on hernia in a young Emys, 16. Queen, Mr. James W., exhibited mi- cro-photographs, 13 ; Report of Greneral Committee, 16, 17. Richardson, Dr. T. G., read a paper by Dr. Greo. Paton ' ' on the functions of the spinal chord, &c., 6, 7. Tilghman, Edward, remarks on the application of photography to the construction of goniometers and mi- crometers, 10 ; remarks on tubercu- losis in animals, 14. Woodward, Dr. J. J., remarks on death from chloroform, 12 ; on can- cerous tumors, 12 ; on the examina- tion of a fungous growth on the head of a Hydrargyra fasciata, 12 ; histo- logical remarks upon a secondary cancer of the pleura, 14 ; remarks on the cell wall of pus cells, 14 ; re- marks on tuberculosis in domestic animals, 14 ; remarks on pus cor- puscles, 16 ; remarks on a remarka- ble form of basic phosphate of am- monia and magnesia, &c., in urine, 17 ; remarks on the anatomical marks of cancer, 23 ; resolutions by, 23 ; remarks on stomach of a mink, 25 ; remarks on tubercular deposits upon the pleura of an opossum, 28. 1858.] DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. Greographical Map of Kansas and Nebraska, to face page 156. Plate 1, to face page 178. Plate 2, to face page 180. Biological Department, — the three plates to face page 4. Map of Haddonfield, N. J., to face page 213. Pages 117 and 118, in the April and May Nos., to be cancelled, and pagefs 117 and 118 at the close of the June No., substituted for them. Pages xi. and xii. of Donations to the Library are at the close of Dr. Meig's circular. Donations to the Museum will be bound immediately after the cor- respondence, followed by Donations to Library, and the Proceedings of the Biological Department. Errata to Notes on American Land Shells, No. 4, Page 198, No. 41, Dr. Gould suggests for B. vesicalis, the name sufflatus. Page 198, after No. 48, add 48* T. gracilenta. Page 200, after No. 84, read 84a H. B e r 1 a nd c r 1 a n a, Mor., Deslu in Lam., Chemn., Pf. in vol. iii, nec in vol. i, Rve., Binn. JI. pachyloma, Mke., Pf. ? H. virginalis, Pf. ? Ghemn. ? Page 200, after No. 86, read 86^ H. c a d n o a, Pf. ? Page 201, line 8, add H. dissidens, Desh. Page 201, line 31, add H. dissidens, Desh.,=H. concava. 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 1858. January 5, 1858. Dr. Ruschenberger, in the Chair. Thirty-two members present. Mr. Slack presented for publication in the Proceedings a paper en- titled Catalogue and Notes on the Egyptian Antiquities in the collec- tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, by J. H. Slack/' which was referred to a committee. Dr. Uhler exhibited a specimen of nitre which had occurred sponta- taneously in large quantity, upon the wall of a dwelling formerly used as a stable. It was remarkable for its purity, being free from lime, ammonia, magnesia and nitrate of soda. Mr. Cassin called attention to the specimen of Falco polyagrtrs, pre- sented this evening by Mr. J. D. Sergeant, who had obtained it east of the Mississippi. Mr. Cassin had described the species from a specimen brought from Oregon by Mr. Townsend, but the present specimen was the first he had known to be found east of the Rocky Mountains. January 12th. Vice-President Lea in the Chair. Thirty-four members present. Dr. Leidy exhibited two plates of Urnatella gracilis, formerly described by him in the Proceedings. He said the stomachs of these animals contained certain voluntarily moving bodies which he had supposed to be parasites, but which might prove to be generative bodies. Mr. Lea had recently given him a Unio from the Scioto, upon which this species of Urnatella had been detected — the former specimens were from the Schuylkill. Dr. Leidy announced the return from Nebraska Territory of Dr. F. V. Hayden, bringing an important collection of fossils, among which were a number of mammalian remains from a supposed pliocene deposit, of the Niobrara River, (L'eau-qui-court.) January l^th. Yice-President Bridges in the Chair. Forty-three members present. \ \ ^ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF Dr. Leidy called the attention of the members to some remains of a Camel in the collection recently obtained by Dr. Hayden, from the Niobrara River, Nebraska. He exhibited the back portion of the lower jaw of the animal, which contains the true molar teeth, and possesses a hook-like process on the posterior border, as in the recent Camel ; in comparison with which the ex- tinct species appears to have been about two-third sthe size. He also exhibited, from the same collection, the fragment of a lower jaw of a species of Wolf, larger than any heretofore described. Dr. Uhler exhibited specimens of crystallized lead, produced by withdrawing the fused interior of a cooling mass. The crystals were arranged upon rhombic bases. He also exhibited specimens of apparently fibrous or columnar lead, pro- duced by exposing a mass when on the point of fusion, to a sudden shock. He had failed to develop any appearance of fibrous or crystalline structure upon the sawn end of a specimen by etching. Prof. Booth remarked the resemblance of the crystals to the skeleton cha- racter seen in gold, from California and Australia. He thought the fibrous or columnar appearance not attributable to crystallization, the sides being of variable number, but due merely to cooling, or similar causes. He had ob- served a structure resembling this in pigs of Lake Superior copper, in nickel commercially pure, and in an alloy of nickel and copper. Mr. Aubrey H. Smith, referring to some figures from Siam, presented by him this evening, said the stone head was from the ruined city of Juthia; the bronze figure, apparently ancient, presented still existing characteristics of the people. January l^tli, Vice-President Bridges in the Chair. Forty-five memlbers present. Dr. Ruschenberger read the following : — Hall of the Academy, January 26th, 1858. Report of the Committee of the Academy^ appointed to confer with a committee of the Biological Society^ on a proposed junction of the two Societies. Your Committee " appointed to confer with the Committee of the Biological Society of Philadelphia, with respect to the union of labors proposed in the letter of said Committee, and to report to the Academy the terms of the pro- posal, and also the reasons which shall appear to the Committee for or against such union," has frequently met the Committee of the Biological Society of Philadelphia, and, after free and full discussion of all the points involved, re- ports as follows : The third section of the Charter of the Academy provides, that " the Society shall consist of members and correspondents," and indicates that they shall be elected individually, each being balloted for, separately. The practice of the Society since its institution in the year 1812 has been in conformity to this provision. For this reason your Committee is of opinion that the Academy cannot, consistently with the spirit if not the letter of its Charter and By-Laws, accept any terms of union with the Biological Society, or annex any other society, or absorb any other body of men associated for analogous or identical objects, whatever might be the advantages of such union. Your Committee might, under a literal construction of the resolution by which it was created, properly conclude this report with a recommendation that the proposition to unite the two societies be rejected. But sensible of the meritorious objects of the Biological Society, it begs the indulgence of the [Jan. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 3 Academy to submit briefly its views in connection with the subject, and to ask the adoption of a measure in relation to it, which, it is hoped, will be entirely acceptable to a large majority of members of both institutions. In the language of its Charter, the Academy was instituted " for the en- couragement and cultivation of the Sciences," and is " devoted entirely to the advancement of useful learning." Nearly a half century has passed since its institution. Daring nearly all of this period, the cultivation of the natural sciences has been pursued objectively. It has been limited almost exclusively to the investigation of specific differ- ences and resemblances of forms, with a view to portraying those which are new and distinguishing them from those previously described, for the purpose of appropriately classing them. The field of cultivation includes the geographi- cal distribution of the fauna and flora of the earth, whether living or fossil; and the habits, habitat and uses of the various organisms, as well as the regular and irregular forms and chemical composition of inorganic matter. The results of the labors of the members of the Academy in this wide field, are recorded in its Proceedings and Journals. But with the lapse of time and advancement of knowledge new fields of in- quiry have been opened. To study natural sciences objectively only, no longer satisfies the disposition of man to pry into the secrets of creation. He now anxiously seeks to discover and expose the laws of organic life. He earn- estly desires to distinguish primary organic cells, and to ascertain the forces and laws which bring them together, and combine them in aggregate exist- ences, from the lowest microscopic infusoria up through the zoophytes and acalephs to the most perfect form of organization. He labors industriously to recognize the normal as well as the abnormal conditions of organic structures, wherever met on the face of the earth. The task is Herculean, and to accomplish it in any degree worthy of considera- tion, the laborer requires all the sympathy and facilities which only those inter- ested in kindred pursuits know how to accord. He needs the encouragement which flows from association with congenial spirits. He needs must be free from the disturbing influences of those who cannot or will not appreciate the objects of his researches. Such motives induce him to seek fellowship and alliance with those who are animated by a zeal analogous to his own. Hence it is that many members of the Academy, regarding objective natural history, only as the basis of the pyramid of natural science, have been drawn together; they have joined others entertaining like views, who are not in fellowship with this institution, and organized the Biological Society of Philadelphia, which is yet in its earliest infancy. Its chief property consists in the acquirements and industry and scientific zeal of its members ; qualities which we should seek to retain and accumulate within the walls of this Institution. The extensive library, and collections which are daily augmenting, are of inestimable value in facilitating the pursuits of the biologist. The Academy is pledged to assist " the advancement of useful learning" in all the depart- ments of the natural sciences. For the reasons alluded to, your Committee has labored assiduously to de- vise a measure consistent with the Charter and increasing prosperity of the Academy, which shall place all the facilities in its possession within the- easy reach not only of those devoted especially to biology, but also of those- who may hereafter dedicate their time and labors, particularly, to other branches, and at the same time bind together by bonds of common interest, in one har- monious union, all who are interested either partially or generally in the culti- vation of the natural sciences. For this purpose, and to meet the demands which labor is daily making for division and subdivision, in every branch of human pursuit, your Committee respectfully urges the addition of a chapter to the By-Laws, which shaH pro- vide for the creation and government of Classes or Departments, composed of members, with authority to hold meetings separately from the common meetings of the Institution, and with all the privileges necessary for the successful prosecu- 1858.] 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF tion of their studies ; but at the same time entirely subordinate to its Charter and By-Laws. Under a belief that pure scientific zeal is never pretentious, and to avoid the confusion which might possibly arise from identity of appellations of different officers in the same organization, names and titles for the officers of the depart- ments proposed have been selected with a view to practical, rather than to merely honorary distinction, which titles should be clearly indicative of sub- ordination. Your Committee has never been unmindful of the interests of the Academy, nor of the grave influence which the measure now recommended is calculated to exert on the prosperity of the Academy ; which is regarded to be inseparable from the advancement of science. After patiently viewing the subject in all its various aspects, it is sincerely believed that only good can accrue from amending the By-Laws as proposed. But, even should experience prove that expectation has been disappointed, the Academy may be brought back to its present organization, by repealing the By-Laws which it is now solicited to enact. The provisions herewith submitted, it is supposed, will meet all the practical wants of scientific men devoted to the cultivation of special departments of natural history, and in this way remove every necessity for forming new so- cieties, and in a great degree, if not entirely, annul the allurements which may be held out to members of the Academy, to labor under the fostering care of newly established organizations. It is designed that the proceedings of the Departments shall be laid before the Academy at every meeting for business, in order that the results of their investigation may be communicated to each other, and particular information acquired by one may be made common to all. Natural history is not to be abandoned, because biologists prefer to investigate the laws of genesis and vitality, and physicists delight to examine the properties, the influences and motions of the atmosphere and of inorganic matter. The fields of entomology, ornithology, mammalogy, &c., are neither invaded nor diminished by the con- templated creation of Departments. A profitable emulation may be provoked among the members of the Academy, by the feature of the proposed organiza- tion. Therefore the interest of the ordinary meetings of the Academy may be enhanced, and the meeting for business will become more generally attractive. The whole is respectfully submitted. Thomas B. Wilson, Robert Bridges, Samuel Powel, E. DURAND, Isaac Lea, W. S. W. Ruschenberger, Whereupon tlae amendments to the By-Laws proposed were read, considered and passed to a second reading. The following paper was read : — Hall of the Academy of Natural Sciences, ) January 26ih, 1858. ) In the event of the proposed additions and alterations of the By-Laws being agreed to by the Academy, the undersigned members request that they may be constituted the Biological Department of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Joseph Leidy, M. D., William A. Hammond, M. D.. Charles F. Beck, M. D., J. Cheston Morris, M. D., James M. Corse, M. D., J. H. Slack, A. B., William Camac, M. D., C. S. Boker, M. D., S. Weir Mitchell, M. D., Walter T. Atlee, M. D., [Jan, NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 5 Edward Minturn, M. D., Edward Hartshorne, M. D., James Aitken Meigs, M. D., Francis G. Smith, Jr., M. D., Isaac Hajs, M. D., J. J. Woodward, M. D., Benjamin H. Goates, M. D., James Page, M. D., B. Howard Rand, M. D., Wm, Parker Foulke, R. Eglesfield Griffith, M. D., Charles Stuart Wurts, M. D. George R. Moorehouse, M. D., Which was passed to a second reading. The election of Standing Committees for 1858 was then held; with the following result : 1. Ethnology, J. A. Meigs, S. S. Haldeman, T. Gr. Morton. 2. Com- parative Anatomy and General Zoology, Joseph Leidy, Jas. M. Corse, Wm. H. Gobrecht. 3. Mammalogy, John LeConte, George A. McCall, Wm. M. Camac. 4. Ornithology, John Cassin, George A. McCall, S. W. Woodhouse. 5. Herpetology and Ichthyology, Edward Hallowell, Robert Bridges, J. C. Morris. 6. Conchology, T. A. Con- rad, W. G. Binney, Thomas B. Wilson. 7. Entomology and Crustacea, Kobert Bridges, F. Schafhirt, James Paul. 8. Botany, Elias Durand, Amable J. Brazier, S. S. Garrigues. 9. Geology, Isaac Lea, Charles E. Smith, John L. LeConte. 10. Mineralogy, Wm. S. Vaux, Samuel Ashmead, James C. Booth. 11. Palseontology , Thomas B. Wilson, Joseph Leidy, T. A. Conrad. 12. Physics, B. Howard Band, Wm. M. Uhler, Fairman Bogers. 13. Library, William S. Yaux, Joseph Jeanes, Thos. B. Wilson. 14. Proceedings, Samiael Powel, Gideon D. Scull, J. Cheston Morris. Catalogue and Notes of the Collection of Egyptian Antiquities in the Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. No. 1. Human mummy, adult male, with sarcophagus, from Thebes. Deposited by J. L. Hodge. A remarkably fine specimen in perfect preservation. No. 2. Mummied child from Thebes, (very rare.) J. H, Slack. " It has been a general and a just remark, that few mummies of children have been discovered — a singular fact, and one not easily accounted for, since tbe practice of em- balming those of the earliest age was common in Egypt." Wilkinson's ancient Egyptians. Nos. 3 — 14. Eleven specimens of the mummied sacred Ibis, (Ibis religiosa, Ouv.) from Thebes. G. R. Gliddon. No. 15, Mummied sacred Ibis, from S ikkara. J, H, Slack. The Ibis was the most sacred bird of the Egyptians, being dedicated to Thoth, th'i Egyptian Mercury. No. 16. Forty-eight specimens of mummied young crocodiles, from Thebes, (very rare.) G. R. Gliddon. The crocodile was sacred to iSavak. Nos. 17 — 22. Mummied serpents, from Thebes. G. R. Gliddon, Nos. 23, 24. Mummied serpents, from Thebes. J. L Hodge. Among the ancient Egyptians the serpent was sacred to Nuph or Chnubis, the Divine Spirit. Nos. 25, 26. Mummied hawks, from Thebes. G. R. Gliddon. Sacred to Re. Nos. 27, 28. Mummies, contents unknown, from Thebes. G. R. Gliddon. No. 29 Mummied cat, from Thebes. J. H. Slack. The cat was esteemed sacred to Pasht, the Egyptian Venus. No. 30. Mummied calf, from Thebes, (very rare.) G. R. Gliddon. Curious BY J. H. SLACK. 1858.] 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF from the locality, the burial place of the god Apis, and others of the Bovine species being at Sakkara. Sacred to Osiris. No. 31. Shawl of fine linen, such as were used tO envelope the mummies of the higher classes of Egyptians, from Thebes. J. H. Slack. There has been lately discovered at Thebes an undertaker's shop, situated among the tombs on the western side of the Nile, containing over a thousand shawls, such as were used to envelope the dead, each having the price marked in one corner appa- rently with some indelible ink, probably the nitrate of silver: th.e above is one of these. No. 32. Net work of beads and Scarabieus, from Thebes. J. L. Hodge. No. 33. String of beads, from Thebes. Mr. T. Ryan. A net work of beads was frequently spread over the breast, and even the whole body of the mummy worked in rich and elegant devices. The winged scarabaeus was placed over the breast, emblematic of the protecting influence of the Deity. (Wilkinson.) No. 34. Fragment of bread from a mummy, (rare,) from Thebes. Mr. T. Eyan. No. 35. Child's doll, (very rare,) from Thebes. Mr. T. Ryan, Most probably the favorite plaything of an Egyptian child. No. 36. Ancient Egyptian ring, from Thebes. Mr. Ryan. No. 37. Ornaments and charms, from Thebes. Mr. Ryan. No. 38. Chess or checker-man, (very rare,) from Thebes. Mr. Ryan. Ja the collection of Dr. Abbott, now at New York, are two boards, with men, evi- dently used in playing a game similar to our checkers. This stone, resembling, in every respect, the men of the sets, doubtless belonged to a similar set. A representation of Rameses III. engaged in a game with similar pieces, is still to be seen on the wall of the palace temple of Medemet Haboo, in the Thebiad. No, 39, Seal of a tomb, from Thebes. J. H. Slack. " Each tomb and some- times each apartment had a wooden door, either of a single or double valve, turning on pins and secured by bolts and bars, or a lock ; which last was pro- tected by a seal of clay, upon which the impress of a signet was impressed when the party retired. Remains of the clay seal have even been found adher- ing to the stone jimbs of the doorways at Thebes, and the numerous stamps found buried near them were most probably used on these occa- sions." — Wilkinson. No. 40. Fragment of sculptured marble, from Thebes. Mr. T. Ryan. No. 41. Fragment of sculptured limestone, from Karnak. J. H. Slack. No. 42. Ancient vase, (rare) from Sakkara. J. H. Slack. This vase was found by the donor in the tomb of the God Apis near the pyramids of Sakkara. No. 43. Ancient Egyptian sandal, from Thebes. Mr. T. Ryan. No. 44. Offering to the manes of the dead, made in the form of some vegetable production. No. 45. Human-headed hawk, probably from the top of a papyrus case. No. 46. Fragment of mummy case, from Thebes. G. R. Gliddon. No. 4*7. Fragment of mummy case, from Thebes. G. R. Gliddon. The God Re is here represented seated probably in his capacity of one of the judges of the dead, Nos. 48, 49, 50, Plaster casts, from Thebes, G.R. Gliddon. These casts were most probably taken from the walls of the tombs of Thebes ; they represent offerings to the god Osiris. No. 51. Fragment of a papyrus scroll in the demoetic characters. No. 52. A roll of papyrus in hieroglyphics, with seal attached. No. 53. Two scarabaji, from Thebes. Mr. Ryan. The scarabeeus was the most sacred emblem of the ancient Egyptians, beicg regarded by them as the cross is at present by some denominations of Christians, No. 54, Figure deceased under the form of Osiris in blue glazed pottery from the Pyramids, J, H, Slack, " Small figures of wood or vitrified earthenware were common to all classes, except the poorest of the community. They usually present a hieroglyphical inscription, either in a vertical line down the centre, [Jan. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 7 or in horizontal bands around the body, containing the name and quality of the deceased, with the customary presentation or offerings for his soul to Osiris, a chapter from the ritual or some other funeral formula. In the hands of these figures are a hoe and a bag of seeds. Their arms are crossed in imitation of certain forms of Osiris, whose name and form the dead assumed, and the form of their beard indicates the return of the human soul, which once animated their body, to the deity from whom it emanated." — Wilkinson. February 2d, Vice President Bridges in the Chair. Forty-four members present. Dr. Leidy made some further general remarks upon the fossil mammalia ob- tained by Dr. Hayden from the Niobrara river (L'eau-qui-court), duringthe re- cent expedition of Lieut. G. K. Warren to explore the Black Hills of Nebraska. Dr. Hayden suspects the formation in which he discovered the fossils to be of pliocene age. The specimens belong to some twenty or more species of ani- mals, all of which are distinct from those found in the miocene deposit of the Mauvaises Terres ; and are also distinct from those of a subsequent age. The forms are, moreover, of more recent character than those of the Mauvaises Terres deposit. An interesting and remarkable fact, in connection with these remains, is that they indicate a fauna more nearly like the recent fauna of the old world, than of this country. Thus, among the remains, are those of a species of Rhino- ceros, almost the same size, and having the same dental formula as the ^. indicus There are remains of several species of Horse, and of several new genera of ruminants ; among which are those of a genus allied to the Musks, and also those of a genus closely allied to the Camel. There are, further, remains of a Porcu- pine, resembling the genus Hystrix, and those of a small species of Beaver. The collection likewise contains remains of three species of Wolf, the lower jaw of the feline genus Pseudalurus^ fragments of several other carnivorous genera, and portions of the skeleton of the Mastodon and Elephant, Dr. LeConte said that while he was recently in Honduras, he had examined the Mastodon bed at the village of Tambla, in one of the passes leading from the plain of Comayagua to the Pacific. He was satisfied of the identity of the re- mains with ilf. giganteus. He had found there a molar of Bos and two or three teeth of Equus. On motion of Dr. Leidy, by special resolution, the thanks of the Academy were presented to Mrs. R. Pierpont, for the donation of a valu- able collection of shells. February ^th. Dr. Isaac Hays in the Chair. Thirty-three members present. Dr. Leidy made some further general remarks upon the pliocene fossils from Ne- braska ; he exhibited many bones, among them the foot of a horse. He ob- served, that among all the mammalian remains brought by Dr. Hayden from the Niobrara river, none were more remarkable than those which he now exhibited. They belong to an equine animal which has the temporary teeth of Anchitherium, and the permanent teeth of Equus. In both these genera, the permanent and de- ciduous teeth are alike, but the new genus in early life is an Anchitherium, and later in life a true Horse. He also exhibited the jaws, with the teeth, of a new genus allied to Oreodon, partaking, like this, of suiline and ruminant characters. The specimens were discovered by Dr. Hayden on the Niobrara, opposite Fort Laramie, and indicate a larger animal than any of the species of Oreodon described by him. 1858.] 8 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. February \Qih. Vice President Bridges in the Chair. Thirty-nine members present. Mr. Ashmead called the attention of members to a Marine Alga which he had discovered about three years since at Beesley's Point. From the micro- scopic structure of the frond, he supposed it to be a Callithamnion, and not finding it described in Nereis Boreali- Americana, he concluded it was a new spe- cies. He had referred it to the late Prof. Bailey, of West Point, who returned it with the remark, " I cannot make this agree with any Callithamnion known to me ; if it were truly dichotomous, I should refer it to Griffithsia setacea^ but without its fruit I cannot decide what it is. It is an interesting plant, and ought to be watched for, at different times in the year, so as to secure its fruit." During the past summer, I collected, at Beesley's Point, quite a number of specimens of this plant ; I found them growing in shallow water, attached to old shells and other submerged substances ; but I found none in fruit. Upon the examination of a number of specimens, I formed the conclusion that the plant belongs to the genus Griffithsia, and is a new species. Under this impres- sion, I sent specimens to Prof. Harvey, of Trinity College, Dublin, for examina- tion. I recently received a letter from that distinguished Algologist, and though not with a view to publication, I presume an extract may be presented without impropriety. Dr. Harvey says : " The supposed new Griffithsia, sent in one of your parcels, is Griffithsia tenuis^ J. Ag., identical with the specimens in my her- barium, from Agardh himself. The American plant is a little stronger in growth than the European, but I see no character to separate it. The fruit is unknown. Your specimens are not in fruit. The genus to which it belongs is therefore doubtful ; and I am therefore disposed to think that it will turn out to be a Callithamnion — an opinion I arrived at, because it is very closely allied to Calli- thamnion thysigerum^ of Australia and Ceylon, the fruit of which is known to me. Indeed, it is possible that Callithamnion thysigerum itself may be only a variety of Griffithsia tenuis.'' This alga is interesting as an addition to the marine flora of the American coast. Mr. Lesley described a curious reverse drainage of the uplands bordering the Ohio river on each side, near Ironton, and within the limits of the coal region of southern Ohio and Kentucky. On climbing the river cliffs about 300 feet, the summit is found to be formed by a stratum of conglomerate about fifty feet thick, and one looks over into bowl-shaped heads of small valleys, delivering their waters backward, and only reaching the river by circuits more or less extensive. These valley heads*are so close to the great river valley, that short tunnels driven along in the almost horizontal coal-beds would suffice to bring out the ores which crop around them. The barriers are lofty knife edges or thin walls, or strips of horizontal conglomerate, the place of which in the coal measures is about 500 feet from the bottom. The dip of the strata is only about thirty feet to the mile, and contrary to the current of the river. It would be difficult, he thought, to explain this structure by the popular theories of denudation, or any bypothethis, unless subaerial deluges. Mr. Powel protested against the too constant recourse to immediate volcanic agency in explaining geological phenomena. In the Pottsville region the strata were often folded and contorted by side pressure from various causes, with no close or immediate local evidence of volcanic agency, it being often seen only far off. The structure of the Ohio valley now mentioned, might have occurred ori- ginally as a mere crack in the conglomerate, perhaps caused by a very trifling local upheaval, or a slight shrinkage, or even a subsidence at a distance, this would determine the original line of drainage, and attrition might, in time, pro- duce such a valley as Mr. Lesley had described. [Feb. NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 9 Mr. Lesley thought the valley could not have suffered from volcanic force, for it was tortuous like the suture of a skull, not straight like the profound lines of fault in the Appalachians of Pennsylvania, Virginia and Tennessee." Mr. Foulke described the Deep River country as one of straight valleys wailed in by vertical cliffs two or three hundred feet high, which he thought were evi- dently fractures of the crust. Mr. Lesley described the Kanawha country to show that, if so, then the crust must be looked upon as having suffered a shivering rupture with open and pro- found cracks running irregularly or aborescently. But such fissures could not have been filled up, and their sides sloped off to form a country like western Virginia. Dr. Woodhouse described the canons of the Pacific side, as sometimes sedi- mentary on one side, and volcanic or metamorphic on the other, and sometimes having lava streams in the middle. February 23<:^. Vice President Lea in the Chair. Sixty- six members present. The amendments to the By-Laws offered at the previous meeting for business, were read a second time and unanimously passed to a third reading. The Auditors reported they had examined the Annual Report of the Treasurer, and compared it with the vouchers, and that they had found it correct ; which report was adopted. March 2nd, Vice President Lea in the Chair. Forty-eight members present. Dr. Wilcocks read a paper entitled " Remarks on an Optical Illusion, by Alexander Wilcocks, M. D." A paper was presented, entitled Descriptions of new Organic Re- mains, collected in Nebraska Territory, by Dr. F. V. Hayden and others, under the direction of Lieut. Gr. K. Warren, U. S. Topographical Engi- neers, with some remarks on the G-eology of the Black Hills, and portions of the surrounding country, by F. B. Meek and F. V. Hayden, M. D.'' which was referred to a committee. Dr. Leidy read a letter from Mr. F. B. Meek and Dr. F. V. Hayden, dated Albany, Feb. 16th, 1858, indicating the probable existence of Permian Rocks in Kansas Territory, from which, at the request of the authors, the following extract is published. " Some six months since, Major F, Hawn, of Weston, Missouri, to whom we are under many obligations for interesting information respecting the geology of Kansas Territory, sent on to one of us'^ a small collection of fossils from a locality near the junction of Solomon's and Smoky Hill forks of Kansas River. A portion of these fossils were at once recognized as being types common in the coal measures of the west. Along with these, however, there were several masses 1858.] (*Mr. Meek.) 10 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP of a yellowish magaesian limestone containing numerous casts of a very peculiar group of fossils. On examining these, it was soon observed that they are quite unlike any forms known to us in the carboniferous system, and very nearly allied to types considered characteristic of the Permian, of the old world. Major Hawn was at once apprised of this fact, and he has since informed us of several facts in relation to this formation, which rather go to confirm the view that it may prove to be of Permian age, rather than otherwise. In the first place, he informs us that the bed from which the fossils were obtained, hold a position, above the well marked coal measures, and seems to have been deposited upon an uneven surface, as though the coal measures had been worn into hills and valleys previous to the deposition of the rock of which we speak." [Signed, Meek and Hayden.] Dr. Leidy directed the attention of the members to some fossils on the table, being part of the collection obtained by Dr. F. V. Hayden, in the valley of the Niobrara river, Nebraska. One of the specimens was the lower jaw of a new species of Mastodon. It belonged to an old individual, as the last molar tooth occupies its functional position and is considerably worn. The jaw indicates a smaller animal than the common Mastodon (J/. Ohioiicus.) The tooth resembles the corresponding one of M. sivalensis, or of 31. anffusiidens, much more nearly than that of the common Mastodon. The crown has a much greater antero- posterior diameter in relation to its transverse diameter, than in the latter, and it has six transverse rows of tubercles, together with a feeble tarsus. The tuber- cles are crowded instead of being separated by wide angular valleys as in the common Mastodon. The tooth was compared with that from an unknown locality, characterized by Dr. Hays under the name of 31. Chapmani; but this more nearly resembles the South American species M. Hurnboldti. In advance of the tooth, there are no traces of an alveolus for the preceding tooth, but a sharp ridge proceeds from the last molar to the anterior extremity of the jaw. Dr. Leidy observed he had never seen the jaw of the common Mastodon in the same condition, as the oldest individuals always presented the fifth alveolus filled up, and not completely obliterated. The species he named llastodon min- ficiLS. Dr. Leidy next exhibited part of an upper molar tooth of an Elephant from the Niobrara ; which he suspected to be a species distinct from those previously indicated, though it does not present sufficient characters to establish the opin- ion. It is the broadest tooth he had ever seen, being almost five inches, and it has fewer plates of enamel than in any variety of teeth of Elcphas Americanus that had come under his inspection. The species he proposed to distinguish by the name Elephas imperator. Dr. Hays called attention to the fact that the tooth of the new Mastodon had protruded more obliquely forward and upward than in the common species, indi- cating a nearer alliance to the Elephant. Dr. Leidy thought Dr. Hays quite correct, and that the last molar in protruding forward and upward had gradually displaced two preceding teeth, whose posi- tion it now occupied. He then described the mode of development and succes- sion of the teeth in the Elephant ; and he showed, as observed by Dr. Hays in the new Mastodon, that we have a closer approximation to the same process, than in the common species. On leave granted. Dr. Oamac offered the following special resolution : Resolved^ That a committee of three be appointed to obtain and stock a ma-, rine aquarium to be placed in the Hall of the Academy, provided that the necessary amount be raised by subscription — which was adopted, and the com- mittee appointed to consist ©f Drs. Camac and Rand, and Mr. J. D. Sergeant. [March NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 11 March 9th. Vice President Lea in the Chair. Twenty-eight members present. The following papers were presented for publication in the Pro- ceedings. Prodromus Descriptionis Animalium Invertebratorum qusB in Expeditione ad Oceanum Pacificum Septentrionalem a Eepub- lica Federata missa, Cadwalladaro Ringgold et Johanne Rodgers ducibus, observavit et descripsit W. Stimpson. Pars IV. Crustacea^ Cancroidea et Corystoidea.'^ " Notice of Remains of Extinct Vertebrata, from the valley of the Niobrara River, collected during an expedition under the command of Lieut. G. K. Warren, U. S. Topoo;raphical Engineers, to explore the region of the Black Hills, by Dr. F. V. Hayden, Geologist to the Ex- pedition, by Joseph Leidy, M. D." Which were referred to committees. Dr. Leidy, in presenting his paper intended for publication in the Proceed- ings, observed that it contained characteristic descriptions of twenty-eight spe- cies of extinct vertebrates, among which are six carnivora of the canine and feline families, iwo rodents, eight ruminants, eight solipeds, three large pachy- derms, and one turtle. In relation to the eight solipeds, he stated they belonged to six genera : Equus, Hipparion, Protohippus^ Merycliipj)m^ Hypohiprpus^ and Parahippus. The two latter constitute with Anchitherium a distinct group ; the three former constitute another group ; and the fourth one is an intermediate form. The remains of Uquus, indicating one species, are undistinguishable from the corresponding parts of the domestic horse. Dr. L. further remarked, since he had had the opportunity of inspecting the numerous equine remains from the Niobrara, he was inclined to believe that the remains of the horse found in the post-pliocene deposits of the United States, indicate two speeies. Of these the remains of one are undistinguishable from corresponding parts of the recent horse, and are the representative of the E. pri- migenius of Europe, and may be distinguished by the name of E. fraternus. The other species relates to the E. pliddens of Europe, and like it is characterized by the comparatively complex arrangement of the enamel folding in the upper molar teeth. He had formerly named it E. americanus^ but as this name had been previously applied to a South American species, he would now propose for it that of E. compUcatus. The equine remains referred to, together with those of a small species of Hipparion from the post pliocene deposit near Charleston, S. ■C., and those of a species of Anchitherium from the miocene deposit of the Mauvaises Terres, Nebraska, appear to indicate the former existence of twelve species of seven genera of the family of solipeds in this country. From these facts it would appear as if the equine family was becoming extinct, as it is now represented by the sole genus Equus. Dr. Hammond said the sections of jet he presented this evening were from a vein eighteen inches in thickness, at Oevolleta. Under the microscope they exhibited the woody structure very beautifully. Mr. Lesley exhibited fragments of conglomerate, from under the coal, from the top of Blossburg Mountain, showing apparently the impression of a Calamite, which seemed to have marked or moulded even the pebbles themselves. Mr. Lea was inclined to ascribe the marks upon the fragments exhibited, rather to the groving or scratching of one rock by another after fracture, as seen in the slickensides. Mr. Lesley had examined the locality for scratches, but bad found no s^^ch fissure as that suggested by Mr. Lea, besides the beds at the spot are nearly horizontal , 1858.] 12 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP March 16. Yice-President Bridges in the Chair. Thirfcy-two members present. The following papers were presented for publication in the Proceed- ings : '^Descriptions of New Species of Coleoptera, chiefly collected by the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Commission, under Major W. H. Emory, by John L. LeConte, M. D/' Descriptions of New Species of Neuropterous Insects, collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain J. Rodgers, by P. R. Uhler/^ Dr. Leidj called the attention of the members to a cast of a Mastodon tooth from the collection of Dr. Harlan, which collection had for many years been stowed away in a ware-house in this city, and had recently been presented to the Academy by the son of Dr. Harlan. The cast is labelled in the hand-writing of the Id^iiQv^ Mastodon longirostris WiocQxiQ^ Maryland." The original speci- men is said to have been found in a miocene deposit, near Greensburgh, Caroline county, Md. For some time it was in the possession of Dr. Ducatel, of Balti- more, and subsequently was deposited in the Museum of that city, Mr. Charles- worth, Sir Charles Lyell, Dr. Harlan and Dr. Hays, who had seen the specimen, considered it as having belonged to the M. longirostris or if. augustidens. When Dr. Warren was preparing his book on the american Mastodon, he was desirous of inspecting this tooth, but learned that it was lost. Subsequently, a tooth, in the cabinet of the Academy, which had been purchased in London as an ameri- can fossil, was suspected to be the missing Baltimore specimen, and as such is described and figured in Dr. Warren's work, (The Mastodon giganteus of North America, p. 92, pi. xxvi.) This tooth, now on the table, by comparison with the cast, proves not to be the so-called Baltimore tooth, though approaching it in a remarkable manner, in size, general form, and in being fractured at the anterior extremity. Dr. Leidy next exhibited a tooth from the collection of Dr. Harlan, which Dr. Hays says is the original specimen on which the Tapirus masiodontoides was founded. The specimen corresponds in size and form very nearly with the description given by Dr. Harlan in his account of T. masiodontoides (Fauna Americana, p. 224 ; Medical and Physical Researches, p. 265.) Dr. L. added, he confirmed the views of Mr. Cooper (American Monthly Journal of Geology, p. 163,) and Dr. Hays, that the specimen was a first milk molar of the Mastodon. March 2Sd, 1858. Vice-President Bridges in the Chair. Forty-eight members present. The Rev. Dr. Morris, on the part of the local committee of the Ameri- can Association for the advancement of Science, extended to all the members of the Academy, an invitation to be present at the next meet- ing about to be held in Baltimore, to which he added the promise of the cordial hospitality of the citizens. The following papers were presented for publication in the Proceed- ings : Descriptions of a New Helix and two new Planorbes, by Isaac Lea." Descriptions of eight new species of Unio, by Isaac Lea.'' Which were referred to committees. [March NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. IS s Mr. Lea remarked, that he had received from Dr. Hayden, so well known for his interesting discoveries of the fossil Fauna, of Nebraska Territory, &c., all the fresh water molluscs which he had procured during his journey into those distant and little known Indian countries. Mr. R. Kennicott, a young and ardent student of Natural History, whose letter Mr. Lea read, had also submitted to him a collection of molluscs made by him for the Northwestern University of Evanston, Illinois, from a part of North America rarely visited by the investigator of Nat- ural History, the Red River of the North, which having its source near the head waters of the Mississippi, runs due north into Lake Winnepeg, which Lake dis- charges its waters through Nelson's River into Hudson's Bay. It is not to be understood that either of these collections, made under many adverse circumstances, and at times, of great personal danger, should be full representations of this branch of the Fauna of these countries. But they are sufficient to prove that zoological life, so far as represented by IIoUuscs, is nearly, if not quite the same, as that of the Ohio River Basin, as well as that of the Missouri River, and a part of that of the Lower Mississippi and Red River of the South. The knowledge of a part of the species from these remote districts, proves to us the wide-spread distribution of the same species, as we find evenr one of them in the Ohio River at Cincinnati, Marietta and Pittsburg, and this is the more remarkable, as the waters of the Red River of the North are embraced in a different system of drainage, flowing as they do into Hudson's Bay at about 52° North lat. Thus is seen an immense area of country producing in its waters nearly the same life, as regards the Molluscs ; a fact highly interesting to the Zoologist. The following species were brought by Dr. Hayden from the mouths of the Rivers Big Sioux and James' River, 43° north, and 9*7° west, Unio asperrimus, Lea. U. elegans. Lea. U. alatus. Say. U. lacrimosus. Lea. U. laevissimus. Lea. U. luteolus. Lam. U. rectus. Lam. U. anodoiitoides, Lea. Margaritana complanata. Lea. And from the Upper Missouri at Fort Clark, Unio luteolus, Lam., and Margari- tana complanata. Lea. From the Red River of the North, 50° north, Mr. Kennicott procured the fol- lowing : Unio asperrimus. Lea. U. alatus, Say. U. luteolus, Lam. U. rectus, Lam, U. rubiginosus. Lea. U. occidens. Lea. U. undulatus, Bar. Anodonta Ferus- saciana, Lea. A. decora, Lea. Every species from these two habitats is found in the vicinity of Cincinnati, and several of them, viz : Unio asperrimus, anodoiitoides, rubiginosus, and Ano- donta Ferussaciana are found in the waters of Louisiana. Even in Georgia there are two of them, viz : Unio anodontoides and Unio alatus. Mr. Lea did not wish to be understood that he believed all the species of the Unionidce, which were common in one part of this great area, were the same which inhabited the waters of other parts. On the contrary, they differed much in the lower Mississippi, but still there are some species which are common in the Ohio, as high up as Pittsburg, which are found in Moose River, of Hudson's Bay, 52° North, in Red River of the north, 50° North, in Upper Missouri, 4Y° North, and in the Big Sioux, 43° North. There are also some others which are com- mon at Pittsburg, which are found as far south as Louisiana, 30° North, and in Georgia, 34° North. These facts Mr. Lea believed to be important in regard to the geographical distribution of the species, some of which are found to bo so extensively dis- tributed, while it is well known that some few are restricted, so far as our present knowledge extends, to points embraced within very short distances in a single river. As an illustration of this, the Unio spinosus, Unio Shepardianusy Margari- tana arculn, &c., may be cited. 1858.] 14 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF S u 1% 4 -a . o ^" 0 CO ^' o t.1 CO o r I ^ R pq 1 - River orth, 6 ^ § Lands brask o Missou ark, 47 gia, 34' andria ms, La ence or 5 Rivei St.L and s ^ '3 o o Alex Orlej O M Unio rubiginosus, Lea. 1 1 1 " luteoliis, Lam. 1 1 1 1 1 ] " laevissimus, Lea. 1 1 occidens, Lea. 1 1 " anodontoides, Lea. 1 1 1 1 " asperrimus, Lea. 1 1 L 1 elegans, Lea. i 1 rectus, Lam. 1 1 1 1 " zig-zag; Lea. 1 " alatus, Say. 1 1 1 1 1 1 " undulatus, Bar. 1 Anodonta Ferussaciana, Lea. 1 1 " decora, Lea. 1 Margaritana complanata, Lea. 1 1 Dr. Leicly read the following letter : Saint Louis, March 16, 1858. My Dfar Sir,— I have the pleasure of announcing to you, that I have just completed an examination of some fossils, collected by Dr. G. S. Shumard from the White Limestone of the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, while he was connected with the expedition of Capt. John Page, and I am fully convinced that these fossils are Permian, The collection contains about forty species, a number of which are identical with species of the Permian system of Russia and England. We have specimens which agree perfectly with Verneuil's descriptions and figures of Camaraphoria Schlotheimi and C. Geinitziana from the Permian System of Russia. We have also an Aulosteges which^resembles A. Wangenheimi (Ver- neuil,) though it is doubtless a distinct species. This genus has not, I believe, been found lower than the Permian. The Procluctus Leplayi'iQ represented, and there is another Productus which is very analogous to P. cancrini, (Vern.) The Spirigera pectinifera, (Vern. sp.) Terehratula svpcrstes, (Verneuil,) Spirifer cristata and S. permiana, of King, are undoubtedly in our collection, and also Acanthocladia anceps, (King) and Syno- cladia virgulacea, (King,) all of which are species of the Permian of Russia and England. Besides, there is a Monotis which resembles 31. speluncaria. We also recognized several species that are in Professor Swallow's collection from the Permian Rocks of Kansas. According to measurements made by my brother, these Permian Rocks attain a thickness of more than a thousand feet in the Guadalupe Mountains. The rock is a remarkably pure white limestone, and portions of the mass abounds in fossils. It is underlaid by sandstones and lime- stones of the coal measures, containing the same fossils as characterized this formation in Missouri, Iowa and Illinois, but in New Mexico scarcely a single species ranges from the Coal Measures into the Permian. I am now engaged in preparing descriptions of the new Permian Fossils. Will you be kind enough to announce this discovery at the next meeting of the Philadelphia Academy. Sincerely yours, B. F. Shumard. Mr, Lesley exhibited a specimen of lignite from the Upper Wachita River, Louisiana, received through Mr. Perry, of New Orleans. It is remarkable for containing rosin in quite visible masses. Sometimes the 1858.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15 rosin is found in masses as large as a nut, sometimes in veins. It is from a tertiary formation. Mr. Lea has a specimen of rosin which Sir Henry De La Beche had sent him; it was found with coal in Borneo, and is as large as a hickory out. March 30. V"ice-President Bridges in the Chair. Fifty-eight members present. The committees on Dr. Wilcocks' paper, on Messrs. Meek and Hay- den's paper, read March 2nd ; on Mr. Stimpson's paper, on Dr. Leidy's paper read March 9th, on Dr. LeConte's paper, on Mr. TJhler's paper read March 16th ; on two papers by Mr. Lea, read March 23d j seve- rally reported in favor of their publication in the Proceedings, and the reports were adopted. The amendments to the By-laws proposed January 26, and succes- sively passed to second and third reading, were unanimously adopted as follows : CHAPTER XIII. ON THE CREATION AND GOVERNMENT OF DEPARTMENTS. Art. I. To facilitate and encourage the special investigation of certain branches of natural science, the members of the Academy may form Departments, and hold meetings in the Hall, distinct and separate from the general meetings of the Academy. Th^ Departments shall be A, B, C, D, E, &c., and may be constituted and designated in the manner herein pro- vided. The Department earliest established, shall have prece-. dence of every one subsequently formed. Art. II. Any twelve or greater number of members of this Academy, may be constituted a division or department, which shall be called the Department of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, as provided in the third article of this chapter. Art. III. Whenever members associate to form a department or branch, written application shall be made to the Academy, at a meeting for business, in the following words : The undersigned members request that they may be constituted the Department of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia. [Note -The blank is to be filled with the name of the branch of natural sciences to which the petitioners propose to devote themselves.] 1858.] 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF Upon such application being made, the Academy may estab- lish the Department by the enactment of a clause additional to Article XXI. of this chapter, designating the name of the Department. If the Department be thus created the names of the petitioners shall be entered on the record of Proceedings as its founders. Art. IV. The officers of each Department shall be a Director, a Vice Director, a Recorder, a Treasurer, and a Conservator, ■who shall be elected at the first meeting of the department, and subsequently at the first meeting in December of every year. Art. V. None others than members of the Academy shall be members of any one of its Departments. Art. VI. Each Department, formed as herein provided, shall elect its own officers and members. Art. VIL Every candidate for admission into a Department shall be proposed, in "writing, by two of its members at one meeting, and be balloted for at the meeting next succeeding. The affirmative vote of three-fourths shall be necessary to elect a candidate, but no election of members or of officers of a De- partment shall be valid, unless there be present at the meeting at least six legal voters. Art. VIII. Every member elect shall pay to the Treasurer of the Department an initiation fee and a semi-annual contribu- tion, the amount of which shall be determined by the members of the Department, provided that a Department shall not as- sess its members at a rate exceeding two dollars initiation and two dollars semi-annual contribution. In other respects, the By-Laws, (Chapter II.) which govern the " election of members and correspondents " of the Academy, shall apply also to the election of members of any of its Departments. Art. IX. Members of a Department may resign or be ex- pelled from it, in conformity to the By-Laws of the Academy, (Chapter IV.) Art. X. The By-Laws (Chapter V.) which apply to the offi- cers of the Academy, shall apply also to analogous officers of each Department, except the Treasurer of a Department, who shall collect and have charge of its funds, but shall disburse no money or monies except by the affirmative votes of the Depart- ment, vouched for by the signature of its Director and Becorder ; [March, NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 17 and shall submit a detailed statement of his accounts to the Department at the first meeting in December of each year. Art. XL Each Department shall defray the expenses which are peculiar to it. The Academy will not be responsible for debts contracted by any Department, or by any officer or mem- ber thereof. Art. XIL Members and correspondents of the Academy are entitled to attend the meetings of any of its Departments, but shall have such privileges only in a Department as those granted by the Academy to its correspondents. (Chapter I. Art. iii.) Art. XIIT. Each Department may appoint such special and standing committees as may be considered necessary for its scientific objects. Art. XIV. The Committees of each Department shall be gov- erned by the same rules (Chapter VI.) which govern the Com- mittees of the Academy, as far as they are applicable. Art. XV. The collections and books of each Department are the common property of the Academy; nevertheless, whenever it may be deemed advantageous to the interests of the Institu- tion, the Curators of the Academy may permit the collections of a Department to be arranged in accordance with the written request of its Conservator. Donations addressed to or for any Department, shall be received as donations to the Academy for the use of that Department. Art. XVI. Each Department, at the first meeting after the election of its officers, shall determine, subject to the approval, of the Academy, the evenings of its stated meetings, provided^ that no Department shall select a time of meeting previously occupied by the Academy, or any of its established Depart- ments. Art. XVII. The order of business at the meetings of each De- partment shall be in accordance with the provisions of these By-Laws, as far as applicable. (Chapter XI., Art. vii.) Art. XVIII. Each Department shall submit to the Academy, at every meeting for business, the record of its procedings for the month, or in lieu of it, at the option of the Academy, a written summary thereof. 1858.] 2 18 TROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP Art. XIX. Papers from any Department designed for publi- cation in the Proceedings or in the Journal of the Academy, shall take the course provided in these By-Laws (Chapter X.), except that each Department may refer papers read before it to a special committee, which shall report to the Academy at the meeting for business next succeeding its appointment, which report shall be treated as if it emanated from a special com- mittee of the Academy. The papers of each Department shall be paged and entitled in such manner as to permit the Proceedings, as well as the Journal, of each Department, to be bound in separate volumes and appropriately labelled. Art. XX. On all points not provided for in this Chapter, each Department shall be governed by the Charter, By-Laws and usages of the Academy. Art. XXI. The Department A. shall be denominated the Biological Department of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Chapter XI. Art. viii. shall be amended so as to insert 2. Proceedings and Reports from Departments in their order of precedence, next after the line 1. Minutes of the last meeting for business shall be read." And also so as to change the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 to read 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Dr. Hammond offered the following : Resolved, That those members of the Academy who have signed the memorial offered January 26th, since the record, be added to those already recorded as founders of the Biological Department ; which was adopted. Dr. LeConte moved that a committee be appointed for the purpose of drafting a series of By-laws for the government of the Committee on Proceedings, which was appointed — to consist of Drs. LeConte, Busch- enberger and Wilson. Mr. Yaux oflfered the following: Resolved, That the Library Committee be authorized to dispose of the French Hiatorical Documents, at such price as they deem proper, it opportunity offer; which was adopted. [March NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19 Remarks on an Optical Illusion. BY ALEXANDER WILCOCKS, M. D. I desire to draw the attention of the Academy to one of the phenomena oi sight, which is interesting, because I conceive that it has led some zealous in- vestigators of the mysteries of nature into error. I allude to that power of the retina, by which an impression made upon it by a luminous object is retained, during an appreciable time. The most familiar illustration of this law, is in the whirling of a piece ot lighted charcoal in the dark. The result is the formation of a luminous ring, more or less perfect, according to the rapidity of the motion of the hand. Experience has not only abundantly proved the existence of this peculiarity of the retina ; but it has also determined the duration of the impressions. It has been found to be from one tenth, to one eighth of a second. Such at least is true of persons in good health ; but there is reason to believe that there are cases where the duration of impressions is much longer. If when under suitable circumstances, a luminous body is moved before the eye at rest, we perceive a line of light, we may naturally expect, that when the converse condition obtains, we shall witness a similar phenomenon. By the converse condition, I mean that wherein the luminous object is at rest, and the eye in motion about one of its own axes. Requirements so simple are easily obtained ; the most convenient object upon which to make the experiment is the star Sirius. The precautions to be observed, are to choose a time when the moon does not shine, and the star is high above the horizon ; and a place where the eye will not be dazzled by any artificial light. The observer must be free from all sense of fatigue, because the eye sympathizes readily with the condition of the body, and any cause that in- terferes with the rapidity of the motions of the organ, would endanger the success of the experiment. Experiment 1st. Let the observer turn his face toward the star, but fix his eyes upon a point about ten degrees to the east of that object, then suddenly placing his eyes upon the star, he will perceive a ray or flash of light reaching from the star to a point ten degrees to the west. Experiment 2nd. Keeping his eyes for a moment upon the star, let the ob- server return them to their first position, and he will perceive that the flash ot light will extend from the star to that position. Any one who will trace in his mind the course pursued by the image of the star upon the retinae, during this motion of the eyes, will ascertain that these results are precisely what d, priori reasoning should lead us to expect. In the experiments just described, the flashes of light are straight. If instead of the star Sirius, we choose for our experiment, the planet Jupiter, at a time when that body is within twenty-five degrees of the zenith, we shall discover that the flashes of light are curved, and the convexity of the curve invariably toward the earth. It must be noticed in connection with this peculiarity, that any observations upon an object at such an altitude as the one proposed, viz. sixty-five degrees, would require that the eyes should be much raised above their usual plane of motion. The physiologist may find much difficulty in explaining why the eleva- tion of the eyes in their orbits should cause the flash of light to be curved ; and why the convexity should be toward the earth ; but, that the facts exist, others may verify for themselves. The particular interest which attaches to this experiment is from the light which it throws upon the results of some observations upon meteors, the explanation of which has baffled the ingenuity of astronomers. In the year 1798, Brandes, of Leipsig and Benzenberg, of Dusseldorf, under- took to measure the height and velocities of meteors. Having established a base line of 46,200 feet, and provided themselves with chronometers, they stationed 1858.] 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY 01* themselves at the ends of the line, and watched for meteors, carefully noting the times of their appearance, and their couraes. By these means, the observers were enabled to identify twenty- two of these objects ; and the data thus derived, yielded satisfactory results as to height and velocity. The most remarkable feature of their observations, was, that one of the meteors instead of falling, moved in a direction aioay from the earth. A curv^e in the train of a meteor with the convexity downward, would indi- cate a motion from the earth. Nearly all the phenomena of meteors have been accounted for by theories which men of science regard, if not as satisfactory, at least as plausible ; but I believc/no astronomer has yet had the hardihood to attempt to explain, how a meteor can approach near enough to our planet to be inflamed by its atmosphere, and become visible to its inhabitants, and then move off in defiance of the law of gravitation. I have detailed experiments which show that stationary objects in the heavens, under certain circumstances, appear associated with flashes of light which are curved with their convexity towards the earth ; and I trust that what I have said will convince the Academy that there is the greatest probability that the anomalous appearance described by Messrs. Brandes and Benzenberg, was only an example of the optical illusion which it is the purpose of this paper to explain. Notice of Remains of Extinct Vertebrata, from the Valley of the Niobrara River, collected during the Exploring Expedition of 1867, in Nebraska, under the command of Lieut. G. K. Warren, TJ. S. Top. Eng., by Dr. F. V. Hayden, Geolo- gist to the Expedition.* BY JOSEPH LEIDY, M. D. During the Exploring Expedition of the last year in Nebraska, under the command of Lieut. Gl. K. Warren, the Greologist of the Expedition, Dr. F. V. Hayden collected a number of remains of mammals and turtles, from a deposit, in the valley of the Niobrara River (Swift-running-water ; L'eau-qui-court), which he suspects to be of pliocene age. The collection is an exceedingly in- teresting and important one ; and the anatomical characters of the specimens support the opinion of their discoverer, that the formation, from which they were obtained, belongs to the later tertiary period. The extinct fauna of the Niobrara is especially rich in remains of ruminating and equine animals. Among the former are several peculiar genera, of which two are closely allied to Oreodon and Leptauchenia, of the miocene deposit of the Mauvaises Terres : one is allied to the Musk-deer, and another closely ap- proaches the Camel. Besides the remains of a true species of Equus, the col- ^Washington, (D. C.) March 8, 1858. Capt. A. A. Humphreys, T. E., Ch'ge OS. Expl. and Surveys. Sm : Professor Joseph Leidy has prepared a ' ' Notice of Remains of Extinct Vertebrates," constituting twenty-eight new species, collected by Dr. Hayden along the Niobrara River, on the Expedition placed under my command by the War Department, during the past summer, which, it is desirable, should be published at once in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The permission of the Honorable Secretary of War, to make the piiblication, is requested. Very, respectfully, sir, your obedient servant, G. K. Warren, Lieut. Top. Eng'rs. Submitted to the Secretary of War. The publication is approved by him. A. A. Humphreys, Capt. Top. Eng'rs. in Charge. [March, NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 21 lection contains those of two species of Hipparion, and several peculiar genera of the equine family. There are also remains of several species of canine and feline animals, of a small species of Beaver, and of a species of Porcupine more nearly allied to that of the old world than to our own recent one. The col- lection further contains remains of a Rhinoceros, resembling that of India, those of a new species of Mastodon, and those of a large Elephant. One of the most remarkable circumstances, in relation with this extinct fauna, is that it is more nearly allied to the present recent one of the old world than to that of our own continent. From a comparison of our recent fauna and flora with that of the eastern continent, the deduction has been made, that the western continent is the older of the two, geologically speaking, whereas, the Niobrara fauna would indicate just the reverse relationship of age. A num- ber of similar instances show that totally different faunae and florae may be cotemporaneous, and do not necessarily indicate different periods of existence. CARNIVORA. Canis saevus, Leidy. Several much mutilated fragments of two lower jaws indicate a species of Wolf, about the size of the Canis occidentalis. Height of fragments of lower jaws below the sectorial tooth, 14 lines and 15^ lines. Antero-posterior diameter of the lower secto- rial tooth, 13 lines and 13^ lines. The present extinct species is not so large as the one whose remains have been discovered in association with those of the Megalonyx, Tapirus, Equus, &c., on the banks of the Ohio River, Indiana, to which the name of Canis pri- mcevus was inadvertently applied (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. vii. 200 ; Journal A. N. S. iii. 167),' and which may now be distinguished by that of Canis dirus. Canis temerarius, Leidy. A second species of Wolf is inferred to have existed, from two small frag- ments of an upper and a lower jaw, containing the sectorial teeth, and the first upper tubercular tooth, about the size of the corresponding parts of the Red Fox, Canis fulvus. Height of fragment of lower jaw below the sectorial tooth, 8 lines. Antero-posterior diameter of lower sectorial tooth, 7|- ' ' Antero-posterior diameter of upper sectorial tooth 7 ' ' Transverse diameter of first upper tubercular tooth, 6|- Canis vafer, Leidy. A third species of Canis, of small size, is indicated by the greater portions of both sides of a lower jaw, containing nearly all the teeth, which do not«difi"er in form from those of the Red Fox. Depth of lower jaw at the sectorial tooth, 6 lines. Length of entire molar series, ' 21^ " Antero-posterior diameter of sectorial tooth, " Length of crown of canine tooth, 5|- * ' Canis (Epicyon) Haydeni, Leidy. Since the preceding descriptions of wolves were written. Dr. Hayden has sent to me for examination a specimen belonging to the Niobrara collection, consisting of a much mutilated fragment of a lower jaw of a huge wolf. The fragment contains the sectorial molar, the two preceding premolars, and the sockets for the tubercular molars. The teeth preserved in the specimen are much worn, indicating an old individual, but they have the form of the corresponding teeth in the recent Wolf. The tubercular molars have occupied more than an inch of space, though more crowded in position than in recent wolves. The last, as well as the first, was inserted by widely separated fangs 1858.] 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF and was implanted almost directly backward in tlie ascending border of the ramus, above the level of the heel of the sectorial molar. The portion of jaw is remarkable for its robustness ; the thickness of the anterior border of the ramus an inch above the ordinary line of the teeth being eight lines. The species is respectfully dedicated to Dr. F. V. Hayden, the untiring geo- logical explorer of the region of the Upper Missouri. Depth of jaw at sectorial molar, 21 lines. Thickness of jaw below sectorial molar, 9 " Extent of space occupied by the sectorial and preceding two premolars, 34 " Antero-posterior diameter of sectorial molar, 17 " Transverse diameter of sectorial molar, 7| " Space occvipied by the tubercular molars, 14 " Felis (Pseud^lurus) intkepidus, Leidy. An extinct species of the cat tribe is indicated by a well preserved specimen of the lower jaw of an animal intermediate in size to the Panther {Felix concolor) and the Lynx (Felix canadensis). The jaw together with the teeth present a repetition of form of the corresponding parts in known species of cats, except that in the middle of the hiatus behind the canine tooth there is a smaller socket for a rudimental premolar, as in the extinct Felis (Pseudcelurus) quadri- dentatus of Europe, and the sectorial molar has a basal heel and tubercle about half as well developed as in the preceding teeth. Length of the lower jaw from the condyle 58 lines. Height of the lower jaw at coronoid process 27 " Height of the lower jaw below middle molar 11 " Length of molar series (3) 21 " Antero-posterior diameter of sectorial molar 7 " Height at posterior cusp of sectorial molar 5^ " Aelurocon ferox, Leidy. The only specimen upon which this name is proposed, consists of an isolated, unworn, upper sectorial molar tooth, which has about the size and proportion- ate form of that of the common Wolf of this country or Europe, but has a tubercle or lobe in advance of the principal cusp nearly as well developed as that occupying the same position in the cats. Breadth of crown antero-posteriorly and externally 13 lines. Length of crown at principal cusp 8^^ " Thickness of crown at base anteriorly 7 " Thickness at base of principal cusp 5|- " • RODENTIA. HvsTRix (Hystricops) venustus, Leidy. Tafo isolated molar teeth, probably both referable to the same animal, have about the same size and nearly the same constitution as those of the Crested Porcupine {Hystrix cristata,) of Europe. One of the teeth appears to correspond with the first upper molar of the right side of the latter animal. It has a single deep fold on the inner side, and a less extensive one on the outer side. The crown, about one-fourth worn, presents on the triturating surface the fold extending from the inner and outer side, and in advance a bow-like enamel islet, and behind a transverse boot-like islet and a small circular one. The second specimen, viewed as an upper left tooth, has a deep fold on the inner side, in advance of which on the triturating surface is an oblique enamel islet, and behind, two similar ones. Antero-posterior diameter of the first molar 5|- lines. Transverse diameter of the first molar 4 " Antero-posterior diameter of the second molar 3 " Transverse diameter of the second molar 3|- " [March, NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 28 Castor (Eucastor) tortus, Leidy. The greater part of an upper jaw, consisting of tlie upper maxillse and inter- maxillse containing the greater portion of the incisors, together with the an- terior three molars of both sides, indicates an old individual of a small Beaver. The jaw and incisor teeth have the same form as the corresponding part of the recent Beaver. The first molars present nearly the same arrangement I as in the latter. The succeeding two molars are nearly worn to the base of their crown ; and they have the enamel folds on the triturating surface directed much more obliquely from the outer side inward and backward than they would ever appear to do in the same condition in the recent Beaver. The size of the species was about half that of the latter animal. Length of space occupied by the series of four molars 6 lines. Length of space from first molar to the inter-incisive crest 14 " Breadth of face outside of second molars 7 Diameter of incisors 2 " Diameter of first molar 2^ " RUMINANTIA. ".^ERVus Warreni, Leidy. This species of deer is indicated by a fragment of a lower jaw containing the posterior four molar teeth, portions of two last inferior molars, a small antler, and a small fragment of a second. The form of the teeth is the same as in Cervus virgmianus, and their size accords with that in full grown and robust individuals of this species. The antler is perhaps that of a young animal. The frontal process supporting it is half an inch in length and thickness. A little less than an inch above the ring of the antler it divides into two diverg- ing prongs, of which one is broken off, and the remaining one is two and a quarter inches long. Length of series of the posterior four lower molars 30 lines. The species is respectfully dedicated to Lieut. Gr. K. Warren, U. S. A., com- mander of the expedition, during which the remains were collected forming; the subjects of the present communication. Merycodus necatus, Leidy. j> Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. vii. 90 ; ibid. viii. 89. This genus and species were originally proposed on a small fragment of a lower jaw of a ruminating animal, belonging to the collection of Prof. Hall, of Albany, and discovered by Messrs. Meek and Hay den on Bijou Hill, Nebraska, in the summer of 1853. The collection from the Niobrara contains the greater ]3ortion of four halves of lower jaws, together exhibiting a full series of molar teeth. The form of the jaw supporting the teeth is much like that of the Deer, ex- cept that its base turns up posteriorly as in the Musks. The inferior true molars have much more nearly the form of those of the Sheep than of those of the Deer or Musk. The posterior two premolars have crowns very much like that of the second premolar of the Deer, and the first is like the corresponding one in the same animal. Depth of lower jaw at first premolar 6 lines. Depth of lower jaw at last true molar 8^ " Length of series of six molars 2(3 ' ' Length of series of true molars 17 " Peo€Amelus occidentalis, Leidy. This genus and species are founded on several fragments of jaws, with teeth of several individuals of an animal allied to the Camel, and about two thirds its size. The posterior fragment of a lower jaw presents the same general form as in the corresponding part of the Camel, but is broader at the ramus in relation, with its height than in the latter. The posterior coronoid process is well de- 1858.] 24 PROCEEDINGS OE THE ACADEMY OF veloped ; and the upper part of tlie ramus is more strongly depressed ex- ternally than in the Lama (Auchenia). The body of the lower jaw is relatively deeper than in the Camel, though not so robust ; and the two sides are coossi- ned by a comparatively short symphysis. Six molar teeth form a closed row in the lower jaw, being two additional to the number in the Camel and Lama. The true molars and the last premolar have nearly the same form as the corresponding teeth of the Camel. The second premolar is a reduced one from that behind it ; and the first premolar has a laterally compressed ovate crown implanted by two fangs. In a small fragment of a lower jaw, in the middle of the hiatus, in advance of the closed row of molars, there is the fang of a tooth, which appears to have been a caniniform premolar. The mental foramen is just in advance and below the position of this tooth. A foramen likewise exists below the third premolar of the closed row of teeth, corresponding to that more posteriorly situated in the Camel and Lama. Two mutilated but connecting fragments of an upper jaw present the hard palate more deeply arched than in the Camel or Lama ; and the face narrows in advance of the molar teeth as in the latter. A palatine foramen exists opposite the interval of the second and third premolars. The infra-orbital foramen occupies the same relative position as in the Camel. As in the lower jaw, six molar teeth form a closed row in the upper jaw. The true molars, though much mutilated in the specimens under examination, appear to possess the same form as those of the Camel. The last premolar is also like the corresponding tooth of the latter. The second premolar is like the first one of the Camel, with the exception that it has the antero-internal fold of its crown as well developed as the posterior fold, which it joins at the base. The first premolar is like the first one of the series in the Lama, having a trilobate, flattened, oval crown. Height of the ramus of the lower jaw, from its base to its condyle, 4 inches 10 lines. Depth of lower jaw below last molar, 2 " Distance from last molar to the end of the poste- rior coronoid process, 4 " Depth of lower jaw at middle of the hiatus of the teeth. Breadth of face in advance of upper molars, Breadth of face at back molars, Length of upper molar series, Length of lower molar series Length of upper true molar series, Length of lower true molar series Megalomeryx niobrarensis, Leidy. This genus and species are proposed on two lower molar teeth, in the Nio- brara collection, which indicate a ruminating animal of the largest size. One of the specimens is apparently a first true molar, and is inserted into a frag- ment of the jaw by a pair of strong fangs. The crown is two-thirds worn away, and presents the same form as the corresponding tooth of the Sheep in the same condition. The antero-postero diameter of the crown is 21 lines ; the transverse diameter 11^ lines. The second specimen is an isolated, nearly unworn, first or second true molar, witli the form nearly the same as in the corresponding teeth of the Sheep. Its length is three and one-third inches ; its antero-posterior diameter, at the triturating surface, is two inches, and just above the developing fangs an inch and a half; the transverse diameter, in the former position, is seven lines, and in the latter nine and a half lines. Merycochoerus proprius, Leidy. The genus and species are based on several halves of upper and lower jaws [March, 10 < i 1 u 6 i I 4 ii 4 i i 8 I i 4 ii 10 1 1 3 i i 3 i i 5 ii NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 26 of a large animal, discovered by Dr. Hayden in the red grit bed of Niobrara, near Fort Laramie, Nebraska. The formula of dentition and relative position of the teeth with one another are the same as in Oreodon. The true molars present a repetition of the form and structure of those of the latter genus, and the premolars nearly so. The upper anterior two premolars have a greater breadth in relation with their length and thickness than in Oreodon ; and the anterior two lower ones are more crowded in position. The side of the face turns rather abruptly outward and backward from above the position of the true molars, more even than in the Hog, whereas, in the three described species of Oreodon^ it slopes gradually backward aud outward, more as the Wolf. The infra-orbital foramen is above the interval of the first and second true molars, while in Oreodon it is above the third premolar. The malar bone below the orbit is, relatively to the size of the animal, deeper than in the Hog, but in Oreodon it is not more so than in the Wolf. Length of upper series of molars, 74 lines. Length of lower series of molars 69 " Length of upper series of true molars, 43 " Length of lower series of true molars. 45 " Merychyus, Leidy. The formula of dentition, and the relative position, structure, and form of the teeth are nearly the same as in Lbptauchenia. In this genus, of which the remains of two species, L. decora and L. major, were discovered by Dr. Hayden in the upper miocene beds of White River, near Eagle Nest Butte, Nebraska, the formula of dentition and relative position of the teeth with one another are the same as in Oreodon. The crowns of the molars are rela- tively much longer, and at their outer part are more vertical than in the latter, differing in these respects very much as the molars of the Ox and the Deer. The outer lobes of the upper true molars are separated quite to the fangs by narrow, deep, vertical folds inclining forward. The inner lobes of the lower true molars are separated by narrow, overlapping folds, and present internal plane sur- faces, while those of Oreodon are folded as in the Deer. The premolars are more crowded than in Oreodon ; and in the case of the upper ones, the most elevated point of the triturating surface is much more anterior than in tlie latter. The enamel pits of the triturating surfaces of the true molars are very narrow in comparison with those of Oreodon, and in the lower teeth are quickly obliterated. The canines are relatively small in comparison with those of the latter genus. In Merychyus, of which there appear to be three species, as indicated by the remains discovered by Dr. Hayden in the pliocene deposit of Niobrara, the folds separating the outer lobes of the upper true molars have the same form as in Leptauchenia, but are not so deep, do not incline forward, and do not divide the crown through its base. The lower true molars have their inner surfaces as plane as in the Camel, and have their lobes but feebly separated in comparison with the condition in Leptauchenia. The canines are as well developed as in Oreodon. Merychyus elegans, Leidy. This species is founded on several halves of upper and lower jaws, contain- ing admirably preserved series of teeth. The animal was nearly the same size as Leptauchenia major. Length of the upper jaw, from the back molar tooth to the front of the incisors, 43 lines. Length of upper series of seven molars, 37 " Length of lower series of six molars 34 Length of upper series of true molars, 22 " Length of lower series of true molars 23 " Depth of lower jaw at first true molar, 11 Depth of lower jaw at last true molar 15 " 1858.] 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF Merychtus medius, Leidy, The second species is founded upon a fragment of tlie lower jaw, containing the true molars, an isolated upper last true molar, and an isolated upper ca- nine tooth. * Length of series of lower true molars, 34 lines. Antero-posterior diameter of the upper last true molar, 14|- ' ' ' Merychyets major, Leidy. This species is proposed upon a fragment of the upper jaw containing the last pair of premolars and the succeeding pair of true molars. The latter teeth differ from the isolated upper molar of the preceding species in possessing a well defined basal ridge, of which the faintest traces only exist in M. elegans and M. medius. Length of space occupied by the two premolars and succeeding two true molars, 44 lines. Antero-posterior diameter of second true molar, 16 " SOLIPEDIA. ANCHrTHEKiuM (Hypohippus) affinis, Lcidy. A single specimen consisting of the crown of an upper molar tooth, in Dr. Hayden's collection, has the same form as the corresponding teeth of Anchithe- rium, except that the outer surfaces of its external lobes present no trace of median rising. It indicates an animal larger than A. aurelianense and about the size of Palceotherium crassum. Antero-posterior diameter externally 14 lines. Transverse diameter anteriorly 13^ " Anchitherium (Parahippus) cognatus, Leidy. The Niobrara collection contains three isolated unworn crowns of upper molar teeth, which have the same form as the upper deciduous molars of An- chitherium Bairdi or A. aurelianense, except that the outer extremity of the prolongation of the postero-internal lobe branches into several short folds. These latter have the same arrangement as similar but more numerous folds in the same position in Merychippus. Length of the series of three molars, 31 lines. Antero-posterior diameter of the first molar, 12 " Transverse diameter of the first molar 8 " Antero-posterior and transverse diameters of the third molar, 9 ' ' Independent of the remains of the anchitherioid genera Parahippus and Hypohippus, the collection made by Dr. Hayden contains numerous fragments of the skeleton of apparently six difi"erent equine animals, which, however, exhibit such an interchange of characters, that at present it appears im- possible to specify the isolated teeth and bones. The following genera and species appear to be indicated by the more characteristic specimens of the col- lection. Equus excelsus, Leidy. This species is about the size of the largest variety of the recent Horse, as indicated by molar teeth and bones of the limbs. The teeth do not differ in (;onstitution from those of the recent Horse ; and none of them present a greater degree of complication of the enamel folds on their triturating surface. Equus (Protohippus) perditus, Leidy. A second species of Horse, of small size, is especially indicated in the Nio- brara collection, by a fragment of an upper jaw containing the posterior four molars. The portion of jaw is like the corresponding part in the recent Horse, The molar teeth have their crowns about one-fourth worn. The enamel folds on the triturating surfaces are even less complex than in the recent Horse, and the antero-internal fold or column has the same form, direction and mode of [March, NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 27 continuation as the postero-internal one. The space occupied hy the four teeth is about three inches in length, and ahout ten lines in breadth. Dr. Hayden's collection also contains bones of the limbs which correspond in relative size with the jaw and teeth above noticed. Figure 1, plate 7, of M. Gervais, Rech. s. 1. Mammiferes Fossiles de I'Amer- ique meridionale, apparently represents a species of the same equine subgenus as the above. No extent of attrition of the corresponding teeth of the domes- tic Horse will produce the same appearance indicated in this figure. Merychippus, Leidy. This genus is a much more remarkable one than could have been anticipated from an examination of the specimen alone from which it was first characterized. The specimen alluded to consists of the anterior upper two large molars, con- tained in a small fragment of the jaw, and was obtained by Dr. Hay den, at Bijou Hill. The two teeth are intermediate in form to the corresponding ones of Anchitherium, and the upper true molars of the Deer, and they bear a strong- resemblance to those referred above to the anchitherioid genus Parahippus. From the teeth of the latter, they differ only in having their intermediate lobes prolonged posteriorly past the inner conical lobes, so as to make them assume the appearance of the inner lobes of the upper true molars of ruminants. In a fragment of the upper jaw of a young animal, in the Niobrara collection, apparently belonging to a second species of Merychippus, the second and third temporary molars and their permanent successors are contained. The tem- porary molars have the same form as the teeth from which the genus was first characterized would have, in a more worn condition. They are invested with cementum, though in less quantity than is usual in the Horse, and it is more readily detached, which appears to have been the case in the two teeth from Bijou Hill. The crowns of the permanent teeth contained within the frag- ment of jaw under examination have the same form as the corresponding teeth of the recent Horse, with the modifications above noticed characterizing the subgenus Protohippus. Merychippus insignis, Leidy. Proc. A. N. S. viii. 311 ; 1857, 89. This species was characterized from the fragment of jaw containing what now appear to me to be the upper anterior two temporary molars, from Bijou Hill. The Niobrara collection contains a portion of the upper jaw, which appears to belong to this species, having an entire series of permanent molars, (exclusive of the small one,) so far worn as to be inserted by fangs. The series of teeth occupy a space of almost four inches in length and ten lines in breadth. Merychippus mirabilis, Leidy. Appears to be a distinct species from the former, of larger size. It is indicated in the Niobrara collection, by a specimen previously noticed, consisting of a fragment of the upper jaw, containing the second and third temporary molars and their permanent successors. Another specimen, in the same collection, belonging apparently to this species, consists of a fragment of the upper jaw of an adult individual, containing the back four molars, which are so far worn as to be inserted by fangs. The four teeth occupy a space of three and one- third inches in length and an inch in breadth. The two fragments of jaws, above mentioned, have a deep depression or lachrymal fossa in advance of the orbit, as in the Deer, Oreodon, &c. HiPPARION S. HiPPOTHERIUM OCCIDENTALE, Leidy. Hipparion occidentale : Pr. A. N. S. vii. 59 ; 1857, 89. The remains of this species were originally discovered by Dr. Hayden in a superficial deposit at White River, Nebraska. A number of molar teeth in the Niobrara collection appear to belong to the same species. HipPARioN s. HiPPOTHERIUM sPECiosuM, Leidy. Hipparion speciosum : Pr. A. N. S. viii. 311 ; 1857, 89. The remains of a smaller species of Hipparion than the preceding, were ori- 1858.] 28 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF ginally discovered by Dr. Hayden on Bijou Hill. Numerous teeth of tlie species are contained also in tlie Niobrara collection. PACHYDERMATA. Rhinoceros crassus, Leidy. The Niobrara collection contains small fragments of two lower jaws of young animals, a much worn upper incisor, a last upper molar, and an upper pre- molar, apparently of the deciduous series, of a species of Rhinoceros, which appears to have had almost the same size and formula of dentition as the recent Indian Rhinoceros, (R. indicus.) One of the fragments of lower jaws, consisting of the symphysial portion with sockets for four incisors, indicates these to have had the same relation of size and form as in R. indicus. The upper lateral incisor has nearly the form and size of the corresponding tooth of R. indicus. The antero-posterior diameter of its crown is two and one-third inches, and its transverse diameter three-fourths of an inch. The last upper molar, which belonged to an old individual as indicated by its worn condition, is of the form usual in most species of living Rhinoceros. Its antero-posterior diameter internally is two inches, and its oblique dia- meter posteriorly about half an inch more. The upper deciduous premolar has the narrower portion of its crown ante- riorly. The triturating surface of the specimen presents a tract of dentine on the outer wall and summits of the inner lobes of the tooth. The outer wall has a median ridge externally, corresponding to the most elevated point of its triturat- ing surface. The anterior border of the outer wall has the same form as the posterior one, but is shorter and more prominent. The inner lobes are em- braced by a strong basal ridge, as in R. occidentalis and Aceratheriiim incisivum. The antero-internal lobe curves inward and backward, and the succeeding lobe is transverse. Three conspicuous vallies bound the lobes, of which the middle one is deepest and the anterior one least so. From the outer wall of the tooth two folds project into the middle valley, and the posterior of these join one springing from the anterior face of the postero-internal lobe, thus isolat- ing a deep pit from the valley. If the fossil tooth were worn away to a level with its basal ridge it would exhibit four distinct enamel pits ; one corres- ponding to the outer end of the anterior valley, two for the middle valley, and one for the posterior valley. Antero-posterior diameter of the tooth externally, 19 lines. Transverse diameter of the tooth posteriorly, 19 " Transverse diameter of the tooth anteriorly, 16 " Mastodon (Tetralophodon) mirificus, Leidy. One of the most interesting discoveries of Dr. Hayden in the pliocene depo- sit of the valley of the Niobrara, is the greater portion of the lower jaw of a Mastodon, most undoubtedly distinct from that species whose remains are so abundantly found in later deposits in the United States. The specimen be- longed to an old individual, as the last molar tooth had protruded and is con- siderably worn off at its anterior two-thirds ; and it indicates a much smaller animal than the M. ohioticus. The form of the jaw is like that of the existing Elephant of India. A single tooth, the last molar, occupies each side of it, and resembles the corresponding one of M. angustidens, of Europe, or of M. sivalen- sis, of the Sivalic Hills, of India. The crown measures nine inches antero-poste- riorly, and three and a half inches transversely, and possesses six transverse rows of conical lobes closely crowded. In advance of the sixth molars, pre- served in the specimen, no traces of alveoli are left for preceding teeth, but a sharp sigmoid ridge extends to the front of the jaw. The greatest breadth of the jaw outside the position of the molars is 15 inches. Length from back of last molar to anterior end of the jaw, 16 Length of the sigmoid ridge in advance of the molars, 9 ' ' [March, I NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29 Elephas (Euelephas) imperator, Leidy. The Niobrara collection also contains the anterior portion of an upper molar tooth of an Elephant of larger proportions than any which are known to us The triturating surface is within a line or two of five inches in breadth, and within a space of seven inches only eight enamel folds or double plates exist. In the most thick plated variety of teeth of the Elephas americanus which we have seen, in the same space ten folds were counted. As in the latter, E. primtgenius, and the recent Elephant of India, the enamel plates be- come worn on the triturating surface into transverse, strongly crenulated ellipses. The fragment of the tooth has been assumed to belong to an unnamed species from the fact that it was found in association with a fauna very distinct from any previously noticed. CHELONIA. Testudo (Stylemys) niobrarensis, Leidy. The Niobrara collection contains numerous fragments of bones of the shell of a species of emydiform, Land Turtle, from individuals of different ages. The fragments do not permit the restoration of any extent of either the cara- pace or sternum, but they are sufficient to indicate that the species grow to the size of the Testudo nebrascensis, which it also resembled in structure and form, except that the anterior and posterior marginal plates are strongly everted, while they are only slightly so in the species just named. Descriptions of new species of Neuropterous Insects, collected by the North Pacific Exploring Expedition under Capt. John Kodgers. BY P. R. UHLER. LiBELLULA Linn. 1. L. Japonica. % Fuscous, pubescent; labium at base, spot and lower margin of the labrum, superior portion of the sides of the front, line between the an- tennse, vertex, posterior lobe of the eyes and pubescence of the entire head black ; labial palpi, labrum and spots upon the posterior lobe of the eyes yellowish; front subbilobate, and together with the stemmata testaceous; eyes and occiput brownish, the latter with long black pubescence : thorax fulvous, with a middle longitudinal black line, and a humeral and pleural oblique one, both of which are double, the humeral one confluent at the origin of the wing, the other hardly so ; a pale testaceous spot occupies the surface between the two pairs of double lines, and a trigonal one behind the posterior line, surface be- tween the pairs of wings pale, posterior lateral edge of the pectus black ; wings hyaline, sub-infuscate at their origin, pterostigma yellowish-fuscous, narrow, margined anteriorly and posteriorly with a black nervule, costal nervule pale fulvous in the middle, blackish at each end : abdomen trigonal, sub-depressed, plumbeous, four basal segments fuscous, lateral and middle carina and trans- verse elevated edges of the segments black, a small lanceolate yellow spot upon the last segment, occupying its whole length, venter blackish, with a yellow spot upon each side of the segments, spots becoming gradually smaller as they advance posteriorly ; caudal appendages black, sub-fusiform, acute, anal one broad, triangular, dilated in the middle, sub-truncate at tip, about one-fourth shorter than the caudal ones : legs blackish, coxae and posterior surface of the anterior femorse pale. Hakodadi, Japan. Length of posterior wing 15 lines. Pterostigma 1^ lines. Total length 20 lines. Three rows of discoidal areolets, 12 antecubitai cross-nervules. 1858.] 30 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF 2. L. phalerata. 9 Slender, yellowish: labium, labrum, epistoma and front testaceous ; tips of mandibles, line dividing the epistoma from the front, upper excavated portion of the front, depressed surface around the vertex, antennae, base of the vertex posteriorly, occiput and ground of the posterior eye-lobe black; epistoma with an oblique depression each side, vertex slightly excavated and together with the eyes brownish, three yellow spots upon each posterior eye-lobe, ocelli reddish, middle one largest and tinged with brown ; face rough and pubescent ; thorax hairy, with black suture upon the pleura, and two lines upon each humerus running to the base of the head also black, elevated edges upon the origins of the wings, surface between the wings, and thoracic middle carina blackish ; wings hyaline, cellules large, bases of the posteriors tinged with fulvous, costal and subcostal nervules, and pterostigma dark brown, tri- angle crossed by a single nervule, having the sides a little sinuous, two rows of discoidal areolets, eight antecubital and five cubital cross-nervulea, membranale small, a little dusky ; abdomen with a dorsal irregular line, dilating upon the sixth and seventh segments, entirely covering the three posterior ones, a lateral one, interrupted, dilating into a broader patch upon the apices of the fourth, fifth and sixth segments, and branching off running obliquely forward upon the third, an elevated, fine, transverse line upon the second and third segments, which curve upon the sides, run a little obliquely forward and join the line which occupies the transverse edge of the segment, another lateral carinateline commencing against the transverse line of the third segment and extending to the tip of the eighth ; venter with a black line in the middle ; caudal and anal appendages yellow, pubescent, the former cylindrical, acute, more than twice the length of the latter ; vulvar scale extending to the middle of the ninth seg- ment, a little elevated and triangular ; legs yellow, internal and lateral surface of the femorae and tibse, spines upon the latter, and tarsi black. Takanosima, Japan. Length of posterior wing 11 lines. Pterostigma If lines. Abdomen 9J. Cerci J. Total length 14. 3. L. speciosa. 9 Yellowish testaceous ; base of labium, tips of mandibles, line behind the front, antennae, vertex in front and spots upon the posterior eye lobe black ; remaining portions of the head yellowish ; labrum, nasus, epistoma and front well defined, separated by sutures ; epistoma each side, in- feriorly, and front with sharp, slightly elevated margins ; face clothed with blackish hairs, eyes touching in a very small part of their superior curvature, occiput yellow, hairy, with a black spot each side ; prothorax with the posterior lobe very prominent, slightly emarginate above, clothed with long hairs ; a double line upon the humerus, two lines upon the pleura and elevated edges between the wings black ; wings hyaline, narrowly tipped with brown, costal nervure and subcostal cross-veins pale-brown, pterostigma dark brown margined with a black nervule, triangle very acute, traversed by one nervule, three rows of dis* coidal areolets, thirteen cubital cross-nervules, sixteen costal ones, membrane large, blackish : abdomen yellowish with the three first segments a little dilated, second and third with a transverse elevated line, the latter connected with the transverse, elevated edge of the segment by another elevated, lateral line ; a black line each side dilating upon the apices of the posterior segments and almost covering the penultimate one, medial and lateral carinate edges deep black, antepenultimate segment a little dilated, ultimate segment and append- ages yellow, vulvar margin small, deeply emarginate, cerci fusiform, acute : legs black, a yellow line above and beneath upon the anterior femorse, coxae and basal superior surface of the posterior femorae also yellow, spines of all the legs long, black. Takanosima and Simoda, Japan. Length of posterior wing 19 lines. Pterostigma 2 lines. Total length 2 inches. [March; NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 3i CoRDULiA Leach. C. viridi-cenea. 9 Labium and rhinarium testaceous, face bragsy-greenisb, villous, front coarsely punctured, deeply emarginate, antennae and eyes pale brown, vertex dark green, not greatly elevated ; thorax brassy green with two oblique, white vittae upon the pleura ; wings with a slightly yellowish tint, nervures pale brown, pterostigma pale falvous, triangles of all the wings crossed by one nervule, eight cross-veins to che costal, six between the point-cubital and the pterostigma; membranule white; abdomen depressed, segments brassy with a pale testaceous, interrupted stripe each side, beneath dull testaceous :; caudal appendages long, hairy, sub-fasiform, acuminate ; vulvar scale elongated, tapering, entire, extending as far as the inferior tip of the ninth segment. Hakodadi, Japan. Length of posterior wing 17 J lines. Pterostigma 1| line. Abdomen. 17 .. Oerci 2. Total length 25. Panorpa, Linn. P. leucoptera. 9 Head black above, testaceous upon the antennal regioii, rostrum dark testaceous, with a black line each side, palpi testaceous with u piceous tip, antennae dusky, eyes black, with the posterior lobe pale testaceous ; thorax pale testaceous, a little blackish upon the prothorax, mesothorax with an irregular black superior margin, with which four spots of the same color are connected against the origin of the wings ; wings lactaceous, costal nervale black, discoidal and most of the transverse nervules whitish, apical longitudinaf nervules brown ; three pale brown spots upon the sub-costal areole, two of vrhich are enclosed within it, one at the origin, the other in the middle, the third, runs from the parostigmal areole to the middle of the wing ; several small, transverse spots are also found near the posterior margin and a large one near the apex; legs testaceous, origins of the tarsal joints and nails blackish ; abdo- men dull testaceous, the three basal articles and apices of the two next black- ish, anal appendages dusky. Hakodadi, Japan. Length to tip of abdomen 7^ lines. Alar expanse 14| lines. Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum quas in Expeditione arl Oceanum Pacificum Septentrionalem, a Eepublica Federata missa, Cadwala- daro Einggold et Johanne Rodgers Ducibus, observavit et descripsit W. STIMPSON. Pars. IV. CRUSTACEA CANCROIDEA ET CORYSTOIDEA. Cancrid^. 41. Cancer antennarius, Stimpson ; Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist, vi., pi. xviii.— in portu "San Francisco." 42. Cancer gracilis, Dana; U. S. Expl. Exped., Crust, i. 153; pi. vii. t 2. — California. 43. Cancer magister, Dana; U. S. Expl. Exped., Crust, i, 151, pi. vii. t 1. — In portu '* San Francisco." 44. Cancer productus, Randall; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Pliilad. viii. 116.-~In portu ' ' San Francisco. ' ' 45. Etisus coNVExus, nov. sp. Parvulus ; carapax perconvexus ; areolis fere ut in E.levimano, sed magis prominentibus ; superficie mediana et postica Isevi, antice et lateraliter partim rugosa. Frons convexa. Margo antero-lateralis quinque- dentata, angulo orbitae incluso ; dentibus sat prominentibus, apicibus parvis acutisque, interstitiis granulosis. Antennae artlculus basalis processu orbitam 1858.] 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP attingente. Chelopoda mediocria, psene levia ; carpo manuque in foeminis supra pauUo rugosis ; carpo intus unidentato. Pedes ambulatorii compressi, sUpra infraque ciliati ; dactylis subspinulosis. % Carapacis long. 0*57 ; lat. 0'84 poll. E. levimano afl5.nis, minor, carapace magis convexo. Hah. — In portu " Simoda " Japonise ; littoralis. 46. Carpilius maculatus, M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 382. — Tahiti. 47. Carpilius convexus, Ruppell ; Krabben des rothen Meeres, 13 ; pi. iii. f. 2.— Loo Choo, Tahiti. 48. LioMERA LATA, Dana; TJ. S. Expl. Exped., Crust, i. 161, pi. vii. f. 6. — Ad insulas " Amakirrima, " prope "Loo Choo." 49. LiOMERA OBTUSA. Xantho ohtusus, De Haan ; Fauna Japonica, Crust, p, 47, pi. xiii. f. 5. — Ad insulam " Ousima ; " sublittoralis. 50. LiOMERA SUBACUTA, nov. sp. Carapax ellipticus, leviter areolatus ; super- ficie Isevi, glabra, antice prope frontem et orbitas ruguloso-punctata. Margo antero-lateralis parte anteriori convexa, indistincte trilobata ; et dentibus duo- ))us posticis angularibus sat prominentibus, sulcis inter-jacentibus breviter in carapace productis. Frons vix prominens, profunde emarginata. Margo orbi- talis inferior angulo interno dentiformi prominente. Chelopoda levia ; carpo intus bidentato, dentibus parvis obtusisque ; manu extus sulco submarginali ; digitis sulcatis, apicibus acutis. Pedes ambulatorii glabri, paene Is&vi, mero superne granulato. Carapacis long. 0'57 ; lat. 0-92 poll. Hah. — Ad insulam "Loo Choo." Lachnopodus, nov. gen. Carapax Isevis, regione postica transversim convexa. Orbita margine externa trifissa v. trilobata, lobis parvis, obtusis. Antennae ut in Carpilio. Gnathopoda intima lacinia ad apicem non furcata. Hectognatho- poda ischio longitudinaliter sulcato ; mero superficie versus angulum internum excavata, margine anteriore concava. Chelopoda manu facie externa sulcata. Pedes ambulatorii valde setosi, mero compresso, superne spinoso. Liomeroe affinis, sed carapace angustiore, pedibus setosis spinosisque. 51. Lachnopodus Rodgersii, sp. unica. Carapacis long. 1*04; lat. 1-55 poll. Hah. — In freto "Gaspar." 52. Atergatis floridus, De Haan. Dana, loc. cit. pi. vii. f. 4. Cancer ocyroe, M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 375. In freto "Gaspar; " etiam ad insulam "Loo Choo." 53. Atergatis integbrrimus, De Haan ; Fauna Japonica, Crust, p. 45, pi, - xiv. f. 1. — Prope portum "Hong Kong " ; sublittoralis, in rupibus. 54. DaTra perlata, De Haan. Cancer perlatus, Herbst. — Ad insulas "Ama- kirrima. ' ' 55. ZozYMUS -ffiNEus, Leach; M. Edwards; Dana; loc. cit. i. 192, pi. x. f. 3. "Loo Choo" et "Tahiti." 56. AcTBODES sPECiosus, Dana ; loc. cit. i. 198 ; pi. xi. f. 4. — Ad insulam ' ' Hawaii ' ' ; inter madreporas e prof. 3 org. 57. AcTEODES BELLus, Daua ; loc. cit. ; i. 196 ; pi. xi. f. 2. — Ad insulas ' ' Bonin ' ' ; inter madeporas e profunditate parva. 58. AcTEODES AFFINIS, Dana; loc. cit. i. 198 ; pi. xi. f. 3. — Ad insulam "Ou- sima." 59. AcTEODES TOMENTOSUS, Dana. Zozymus tomentosus, M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 385. — Ad insulas "Loo Choo," "Amakirrima," "Ousima" et "Hong Kong." 60. AcT^A PURA, nov. sp. Superficies superior corporis pedumque tota con- fertim tuberculata, pura, absque setis. Tubercula subsequalia, subconia, granu- [March; NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33 lata, quasi crystallina. Superficies inferior partim tuberculata, tuberculis de- pressis laevibus. Frons lobis medianis duabus prominentibus. Margo antero- lateralis valde convexa, quadrilobata, lobis prominulis, tuberculo mediano in utraque extante. Margo postero-lateralis brevis, concava. Oculi pedunculus margine anteriore granulatus. Hectognathopoda mero et margine interna ischii granulatis. Clielopoda grandia, digitis nigris sulcatis. Pedes ambula- torii dactylis spinulosis, spinis seriatis. % Carapacis long. 0*61 ; lat. 0*78 poll. Hab. — In portu Jacksoni Australiensi, et prope insulam "Hong Kong" Sinensem ; in fundo limoso vel conclioso prof. 6-20 org. 61. AcT^A suBGLOBOSA, nov. sp. Corpus subglobosum, superficie superne tota villosa, subtus partim nuda. Carapax perconvexus, dorso jequali, spar- sim granulato ; areolis inconspicuis. Margo antero-lateralis regulariter curvata, quadrifissa, fissuris profnndis. Margo postero-lateralis brevissima, profunde concava. Frons lobis medianis parvis, approximatis. Regio sub-hepatica laevis, nec granulata nec sulcata ; porca pterygostomiana arcuata, lanosa. Sternum antice granulatum. Chelopoda brevia, robusta, granulata ; digitis brevibus, ad apices decussantibus. Pedes ambulatorii vix granulosis. % Cara- pacis long. 0-60 ; lat. 0-79. Hab. — In mari Sinensi boreali ; e prof. 24 org. Etiam in portu "Hong Kong. ' ' 62. AcTiEA piLOSA, nov. sp. Corpus et pedes ubique birsuta, superne setis longioribus inter aliis sparsis. Carapax sat latus, antice regulariter arcuatus, distincte areolatus ; areolis non valde prominentibus, granulatis. Margo an- tero-lateralis quadrilobatus. Margo postero-lateralis et posterior longitudine sequales. Frons deflexa ; media prominente, bilobata. Regiones latero-in- feriores granulosse, non sulcatse. Pedes granulosi. A. hirtissimce affinis, sed carapace non profunde areolata et regione subliepatica subbrancliialique non sulcatis. Carapacis long. 0-42 ; lat. 0-56 poll. Hab. — In portu "Hong Kong." 63. Xantho truncata, De Haan ; Fauna Japonica, Crust, p. 66, pi. xviii. f. 4. In portu " Simoda " Japonite. 64. Xantho parvula, M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 395. Ad insu- lam "St. Jago " archipelagi "Cape de Verdes." 65. Xanthodes elegans, nov. sp. Carapax distincte areolatus, postice levior ; superficie glabra, versus marginem anticum partim inequali. Margo iantero-lateralis dentibus paiiilliformibus quatuor, angulo orbitse non incluso. Orbita sat ampla, supra infraque dentibus parvis duobus. Regio latero-inferior convexa, Isevis. Chelopoda carpo supra tuberculis scabriformibus ornato ; manu extus sulcata, costis tuberculatis ; digitis nigris. Pedes ambulatorii Mrsuti. $ Carapacis long. 0-42 ; lat. 0*60 poll. Hab. — In portu " Simoda " Japonise. 66. EuxANTHUs MELISSA. Cancer melissa, Herbst ; Naturg. d. Krabben und Krebse, iii. 7. pi. li. f. 1. An Euxanthus nitidus, Dana ; loc. cit. i. 174. pi. viii, f. 9, junior? In freto " Gaspar. " 67. PoLYCREMNUs VERRUCIFER, uov. sp. P. oclitodoi simillimus ; difiert magni- tudine minore, carapace paullo augustiore, superficie antice leviore ; verrucis clielopodorum minoribus, sat conicis et magis numerosis. Z Carapacis lone. 0-63 ; lat. 0-76. Hab. — In portu "Hong Kong " ; vulgaris in fundo argillaceo, prof. 5 org. 68. Halimede fragifer, De Haan ; loc. cit. p. 47. pi. xiii. f. 4. Prope "Hong Kong " ; e fundo conchoso prof. 10 org. 69. Chlorodius cytherea, Dana ; loc. cit. i. 213. pi. xii. f. 2. x\d insulas Hawaienses ; etiam " Ousima." 70. Chloroditjs NIGER, Ruppoll ; Krabben des rothen Meeres, p. 20. pi. iv. f. 7. Dana; loc. cit. i. 216. pi. xii. f. 5. Ad insulas "Loo Choo " et "Tahiti," [1858. 3 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF 71. Chlorodius monticulosus, Dana ; loc. cit. i. 206. pi. xi. f. 9. Ad insulas ' ' Loo Choo, " " Bonin " et ' ' Tahiti. ' ' 72. Chlorodius dbntifrons, nov. sp. Carapax antice expansus, areolatns, sulcis longitudinalibus validis ; linea transversa inter dentes laterales conspi- cua, ciliata. Areola partim granulatse. Margo antero-lateralis quinque-den- tata, angulo orbitse incluso ; dentibus parvis, acutis, sequidistantibus. Frons augustior, sat producta, quadridentata. Margo orbitalis fissuris conspicuis. Chelopoda superne rugulosa ; carpo dentibus 2-3 parvis ; manu superne denti- bus 3-4 minutis, extus rugulosa. Pedes ambulatorii valde liirsuti, lateribus Isevibus. % Carapacis long. 0*33 ; lat. 0*445 poll. C. electrce, Herbst ; pi. li. 1 6., afiinis, sed fronte minus prominente, et dente antero-laterali quinto, quarto non superante. Hab. — Ad insulam "Loo Choo." 73. Chlorodius exaratus, M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 402. Dana ; loc. cit. i. 207. pi. xi. f. 11. = C. sanguineus, M. Edwards, Dana, etc. = Cancer (XantJio) lividus, De Haan ; loc. cit. p. 48. pi. xiii. f. 6. 4- C. (Xantho) affinis, ejusd. p. 48. pi. xiii. f. 8. — Species admodum variabilis ; vulgaris in Oceano Pacifico. Ab Expeditione lecta in portu " Hong Kong " Sinensi, et " Simoda " Japonise ; et ad insulas "Ousima" " Loo Choo " "Bonin" et "Hawaii." 74. Chlorodius distinguendus. Cancer {Xantho) distinguendus, De Haan ; loc. cit. p. 48. pi. xiii. f. 7. Forsitan varietas prsecedentis. In portu "Hong Kong." 75. Chlorodius gracilis, Dana ; loc. cit. i. 210. pi. xi. f. 13. Ad oras Sinen- ses prope "Hong Kong ; " quoque insulas "Ousima" et "Kikaisima"; Mt- toralis et sublittoralis. 76. Chlorodius cavipes, Dana ; loc. cit. i. 212. pi. xii. f. 1. Ad insulas "Bonin." 77. PiLODius NiGROCRiNiTus, Hov. sp. Carapax bene areolatus, sulcis profun- dis. Superficies scabrosa, setosa, setis nigris, vel longioribus et flavis. Frons minus prominens, non profunde emarginata. Chelopoda manu carpoque sub- spinulosis. Pedes ambulatorii mero superne serrato. V Carapacis long. 0*28 ; lat. 0*41. P. pilumnoidi affinis, sed carapace latiore, margine antero-laterali convexa, dentibus obtusis. Hab. — In portu " Simoda " Japonise. 78. PiLODius GRANULATus, uov. sp. Carapax latus, bene areolatus, areolis bene granulatis et pubescentibus. Margo antero-lateralis quam postero-latera- lis parce brevier, dentibus parvis denticulatis, denticulo mediano prominente. Chelopoda tuberculata ; tuberculis majoribus, carpo intus dentibus parvis acutissimis duobus ; manu tuberculis parvis, sparsis, subseriatis ; digitis sul- catis, costis versus basim tuberculatis. Pedes ambulatorii superne granulati et pubescentes. % Carapacis long. 0-29 ; lat. 0.44 poll. Hab. — Prope "Hong Kong " ; inter madreporas e prof. 1-2 org. 79. Cymo melanodactylus, DeHaan; Dana; loc. cit. i. 225. pi. xiii. f. 1. Ad insulas "Hong Kong " et "Bonin ; " inter madreporas. 80. Cymo Andreossyi, De Haan ; Dana ; loc. cit. i. 225. pi. xiii. f. 2. Pilum- nus Andreossyi, Savigny. Ad insulas ' ' Bonin. ' ' 81. Ozius truncatus, M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 406. pi. xvi. 1 11. In portu Jacksoni Austr. ; littoralis. 82. Ozius FRONTALIS, M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 406 (?) In portii " Hong Kong " ; quoque ad insulas " Ousima " et "Kikaisima " ; littoralis. 83. Ozius RUGULOsus, nov. sp. Carapax sat convexus, antice rugosus et granulosus. Frons quadridentata, dentibus sat validis obtusis. Margo antero- lateralis sexdentata, (angulo orbitse incluso,) dente posteriore parvulo post [Marcli, NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 35 dentem lateralem ; dentibus anticis amplis, vix prominentibus. Corpus sub- tus tomentosum. Regiones subhepaticse et subbranchiales granulosae. Hecto- gnathopoda mero antice emargiuato. Chelopoda inequales, superne rugulosa ; manu majore extus Isevi ; manu minore extus rugosa et tomentosa. Pedes ambulatorii articulis tribus dense tomentosis. % Carapacis long. 0*85 ; lat, 1-27 poll. Hab. — Ad insulas "Bonin"; littoralis, inter lapides. 84. PsBUDOZius MICROPHTHALMUS, uov. sp. P. plano valde aflinis, sed cara- pace magis planato, fronte angustiore, oculis minoribus. V Carapacis long. 0-43 ; lat. 0-72 poll. Hah. — Ad insulas ' ' Bonin. ' ' Sph^rozius, nov. gen. Ozio offinis. Corpus subglobosum, carapace angus- tiore, margine postero-laterali longiore. Antenna hiatum internum orbitae occupans, articulo basali frontem non attingente. Margo frontalis et supra- orbitalis continuae, nec sinu nec incisura separatse. Pseudozius dispar^ Dana, ad hoc genus pertinet. 85. Sph^rozius nitidus, nov. sp. Corpus parvum, subglobosum.. Carapax convexus, Isevis, nitidus ; regione gastrica sulco longitudinali inoonspicuo. Frons emarginata, media sat prominente. Dentes antero-laterales parvi, acuti. Chelopoda robusta, inasqualia ; carpo Isevi ; manu supra extusque subtiliter granulosa. % Carapacis long. 0-235 ; lat. 0*290 poll. A P. dispari difFert den- tibus antero-lateralibus acutioribus, et manu non tuberculata. Hab. — In sinu prope ^' Hong Kong ;" in ramo Spoggodice e rupe ad prof. 1 org. Heteropanope, nov. gen. Panopeo afiinis. Palatum colliculo instructo, ad marginem buccalem anticum sat prominente. Frons deflexa. Orbita liiatii externo minuto. Abdomen maris septem-articulatum. Panopeus dentatus, P\ caystrus et P.formioy Ad. et White, hie pertinent. 86. Heteropanope glabra, nov. sp. Carapax sat transversus, Isevis, glaber .; fronte recta, declivi, media emarginata. Margo antero-lateralis quinque-den- tata, angulo orbitss non prominente incluso, dentibus duobus proximis late rotundatis, duobus posticis acutis. Oculi grandes. Orbita hiatu externo par- vulo ; margine superiore et inferiore integris. Regio latero-inferior granulata. Hectognathopoda, sternum, et abdomen pubescentia. Chelopoda Isevia ; digi- tis deflexis, ad apices decussantibus. Pedes ambulatorii graciles, parum pilosi. 1, Carapacis long. 0.32; lat. 0.495 poll. P. caystro A. et W. afiinis, sed mar- gine antero-laterali profundius inciso. Hab. — In portu " Hong Kong." 87. Heteropanope Australiensis, nov. sp. Carapax convexus, partim areo- latus ; superficie postice Isevi, versus margines anteriores sparsim granulata, Margo antero-lateralis dentibus acutis quatuor, angulo orbitse non incluso. Regie subhepatica granulata, dente parvulo sub dentem post angulum orbitse. Frons media prominente bilobata, margine serrulata. Orbita hiatu externo distincto, angusto ; margine inferiore denticulato, dente interno prominente. Chelopoda robusta ; carpo granulate, intus unidentato ; manu Isevi. Abdomen et sternum pubescentia. % Carapacis long. 0*40 ; lat. 0-525 poll. Hab. In portu Jacksoni, Austr. ; littoralis inter lapides limosos. 88. — Heteropanope eucratoides, nov. sp. Carapax angustus, partim in,'^- qualis, antice irregulariter et distante transversim lineolatus, lineis elevatis pubescentibus. Margo antero-lateralis quam postero-lateralis multo brevier, quadridentata ; dente anterior (cum angulo orbitse coalescente, ) parvulo ; den- tibus tribus posticis validis, acutis, mediano minore. Frons profunde emargi- nata, ad finem sulci longitudinalis in regione frontali ; media lobis duobus minutis. Orbita marginibus Isevibus, hiatu vix conspicuo. Hectognathopoda sat hiantia, Isevia. Regiones latero-inferiores laeves. Chelopoda grandia, forma ut in Eucrate ; mero dente prope extremitatem superiorem ; carpo Isevi ; manu Isevi, digitis deflexis. Pedes ambulatorii graciles, secundi pans longiores. 1858.] 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF Sterni dimidia posterior et abdomen pubescentia. Abdomen maris angustum. Carapacis long. 0*32 ; lat. 0*40 poll. Hah. — In portu " Hong Kong." 89. PiLUMNus Mus, Dana ; loc. cit. i. 240. (An = P. vespertilio Leacli ?) In f reto ' ' Gaspar ' ' et ad insulas ' ' Loo Clioo " et " Ousima. ' ' 90. PiLUMNUs RUFOPUNCTATUS. nov. sp. Corpus et chelopoda superne to nientosa ; pedes birsuti. Carapax latus, postice Isevis ; antice areolatus et tuberculis parvis subspiniformibus coccineis ad 20 ornatns, tribus approximatis in linea mediana. Margo antero-lateralis dentibns qninque ; primo (v. angulo orbitse) inconspicuo ; secnndo inferiore in regione subhepatica ; tertio ab an- gulo orbitse distante ; tribns posterioribns sat conspicuis. Frons sat augusta, margine denticulata, in media vix emarginata. Orbita margine superiore 3-4 dentata ; inferiore sex-dentata. Chelopoda robnsta ; carpo et manu superne extusque sparsim granulatis, granulis prominentibus ; manu majore subtus Ifevi. %, Carapacis long. 0*43 ; lat. 0'50 poll. Hah. — In portu Jacksoni ; sublittoralis in locis limosis algosisque. 91. PiLUMNus FissiFRONS, nov. sp. Corpus pedesque dense et breriter pubes- oentia. Carapax convexiusculus, antice areolatus, utrinque bituberculatus ; areolis bene pubescentibus distinctis ; sulcis laevibus. Superficies sub tomen- tum l?evi. Margo antero-lateralis dentibns normalibus ; secundo subhepatico ; tribus posterioribns prominentibus acutis. Frons profunde emarginata vel bilobata, lobis prominentibus. Orbita margine superiore bi-emarginata ; mar- gine inferiore crenulata, angulo interno dentiformi prominente. Chelopoda inaequalia, supra minute tuberculata ; manu subtus Isevi. % Carapacis long. 0-32 ; lat. 0-465 poll. Hah. — In portu Jacksoni, Australiensi. 92. PiLUM^v^us VERRUcosiPES, nov. sp. Corpus et pedes superne breviter tomentosa, setis longis clavatis sparsis. Carapax latus, antice paullo areolatus, utrinque prominentia valida prope dentem antero-lateralem medianum. Dentes antero-laterales normales ; secundus subhepaticus ; tres posteriores validi, obtusi. Frons nuda, emarginata. Margo orbitalis inferior crassa, angulo interno prominente. Pedes toti superne verrucosi. Chelopodorum cai"pus verrucis novem, manus quinque ornata ; manus extus sparsim granu- lata. Pedes ambulatorii articulo penultimo et antepenultimo prominentiis magnis, utroque duabus. % Carapacis long. 0*30 ; lat. 0*412 poll. Hah. — In sinu " Simon's Bay" ad Promontorium Bonse Spei ; in fundo are- noso prpf. 11 org. 93. PiLUMNUs FORFiciGERus, uov. sp. Carapax laevis, tomentosus. Margo antero-lateralis dentibns tribus posterioribus minutis ; tertio e angulo orbitse remoto. Frons lata, emarginata, media parum prominente. Margo postero- lateralis concava. Regiones latero-inferiores et hectognathopoda superficie Isevi, glabra. Chelopoda mediocria, superne tomentoso ; carpo laevi ; manu tuberculata, tuberculis sat parvis prominentibus, albis, sparsis in manu minore. Manus major subtus glabra, subtiliter granulata. Manus minor digitis compressis, forficiformibus, marginibus internis acutis, paene rectis, non dentatis. Pedes ambulatoru graciles. Carapacis long. 0-27 ; lat. 0.36 poll. Hah. — Prope oras insulae "Ousima"; inter Sertularias et Botryllos e prof. 30 org. 94. PiLUMNUs LAriLLiMANUs, nov. sp. Carapax tomentosus, superne et postice subplanatus ; — areolatus, areolis numerosis, sub tomentum partem • celatis. Dentes antero-laterales normales, secundus subhepaticus, tres poste- riores parvi. Margo supra- orbitalis denticula. Frons sat lata, margine den- ticulata, lobis medianis late rotundatis deflexis. Chelopoda robnsta, carpo superne pubescente, ad angulum internum papillose ; manu nuda, papillis conicis lapidescentibus v. subcrystallinis roseis confertis ornata ; digitis brevi- March, NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37 bus ; digito immobili triangulari. Manus sinistra digitis forficiformibus ut in P. forjiciger us. Pedes ambulatorii tomentosi et partim setosi. Abdomen tomentosnm. ^5' Carapacis long. 0*50 ; lat. 0*65 poll. Hah. — In marl Sinensi Boreali, lat. bor. 23° ; in fundo arenoso et conclioso prof. 25 org. 95. PiLUMNus HIRSUTUS, nov. sp. Carapax et pedes liirsuti, setis longitudine variabilibus. Carapax latus, sat inflatus, vix areolatus, piene Icevi. Margo antero-lateralis brovis, quadridentata, (angulo orbita incluso, ) dentibus acutis. Frons emarginata ; serie setarum longarum submarginali. Margo orbitalis inferior denticulata. Chelopoda sat brevia ; mann majore superne irregulariter tuberculata, snbtns Isevi ; nianu minore superne spinulosa, extus sparsim. granulosa. g Carapacis long. 0-31 ; lat. 0*43 poll. Hah. — In mari Sinensi boreali, et prope insulam " Ousinia" ; in fundo con- ehoso prof. 20-30 org. 96. PiLUMNUs MARGiNATUs, uov. sp. Carapax pedesque supra subtusque pilosa. Carapax transversus, antice areolatus et linea elevata marginatus ; areolis non prominentibus ; superficie psene l£evi. Margo antero-lateralis den- . tibus sat cristatis ; posterioribus acutis. Manus extus aspera vel granulis rugosa. Pedes ambulatorii graciles, valde setosi. g Carapacis long. 0-275 ; lat. 0-355. Hah. — Ad oras insula "Loo Choo." 97. PiLUMifus DORSiPES, uov. sp. Corpus globosum. Carapax sat areolatus, areolis granulatis et pubescentibus. Margo antero-lateralis quadridentata, an- gulo orbitse incluso, dentibus sequalibus acutis, marginibus denticulatis. Margo postero-lateralis valde concava, excavata. Frons lobis medianis prominenti- bus, sequaliter rotundatis. Regiones latero-inferiores versus margines sulcatae, sulcis inter dentes marginales egredientibus. Chelopoda grandia, inequalia, superne breviter pubescentia ; manu superficie supero-exteriore, et margins infero-interiore granulatis, granulis prominentibus. Pedes ambulatorii sat breves, subdilatati, pubescentes. % Carapacis long. 0-41 ; lat. 0*54 poll. Hah. — In portu "Hong Kong" ; e fundo conchoso prof. 10 org. Eriphid^. 98. EuppBLLiA ANNULiPES, M. Edwards ; Dana ; loc. cit. i. 246. pi. xi. f. 4. Ad oras insulas " Loo Choo." 99. Eriphia levimana, Latreille ; Dana ; loc. cit. i. 249. pi. xiv. f. 7. Ad eras insularum "Loo Choo" et "Kikaisima" ; littoralis, rupicola. 100. Eriphia Smithii, Mac Leay; Dana ; loc. cit. i. 251. Ad oras oceanicaf?. insulse * ' Hong Kong. ' ' 101. Eriphia scabricula, Dana; loc. cit. i. 247; pi. xiv. f. 5. Ad insulam " Ousima." 102. Eriphia spinifrons, Latreille ; M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 426. Ad insulam Madeira. 103. Trapezia maculata, Dana ; loc. cit. i. 256. pi. xv. f. 4. Ad insulam Hawaii. 104. Trapezia reticulata, nov. sp. Carapax in foeminis quam in maribiis latior. Dens lateralis parvus, acutus. Frons sinuosa ut in T. cymodoce, (Dana.) Chelopoda mediocria, depressa ; mere margine interno convexo, ser- rato, dentibus 5-6, exterioribus minus prominentibus ; carpo obtuso. Pedes ambulatorii vix pubescentes ; dactylo quam articulo penultimo breviore. Color \ superne pallide luteolus ; carapax pedesque regulariter coccineo-reticulati, areolis parvulis numerosis. % Carapacis long. 0-30 ; lat. 0-35 poll. T. areo- latce atfinis, dente laterali minore, areolis coloris multo minoribus. Hah. — Ad oras insulas " Loo Choo " ; inter ramos madreporarum. 1858.] 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP 105. Tetealia glaberrima, Dana, ; loc. cit. i. 263, pi. xvi. f. 3. Ad insulam ' ' Hong Kong. ' ' 106. Tetralia l^vissima, nov. sp. T. glaherrimoe valde affinis, sed fronte vix denticulata ; manu majore brevi, crassa ; digitis late liiantibus, intus non den- tatis ; dactjlo valde curvato. superne subtiliter granulato. Carapacis long. 0-273 ; lat. 0-298 poll. Hah. — Ad insulam " Ousima." PORTUNIDiE. 107. PoRTUNUs STRiGiLis, noT. sp. Carapax pedesque parum pubescentes. Carapax convexiusculus, sat areolatus, transversim lineolatus, lineis elevatis undulatis, confertis. Margo antero-lateralis quinque-dentata, dentibus medio- cribus. Frons interantennalis lata, prominens, vix convexa, laminiformis, margine undulata, indistincte trilobata. Chelopoda scabricnla ; manu brevi, extus costata, spina parva prope basim dactyli ; carpo ad apicem dente acute. Pedes natatorii dactylo lanceolato, longe ciliato. Carax)acis long. 0-28 ; lat. 0-30 poll. Hah. — In sinu " Kagosima" Japonife ; in fundo conclioso prof. 20 org. 108. ScYLLA TRANQUEBARiCA, Dana. L\ij)a tranqueharica, M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 448. Var. seeeatus ; (Portuntis serratus, Ruppell ; Krabben des rotlien Meeres, p. 10, pi. ii. f. 1,) vulgaris, ssepe in aquis subsalinis in aestuario fluvii "Canton" Sinensis. Var. oceanica, Dana, ad insulam "Loo Choo." 109. LuPA pelagica, Leacli ; M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 450. Vul- garis in mari Sinensi. 110. LuPA SANGuixoLENTA, Desmarest ; M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 451. In portu "Hong Kong." 111. LuPA Sati, Gibbes ; Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 178. Dana; loc. cit. i. 273, pi. xvi. f. 8. In mari Atlantico boreali. 112. Amphitrite gracilimanus, nov. sp. Carapax convexus, pubescens, lineis transversis, elevatis, granulatis, interruptis, ad sex ornatus. Margo antero laterales novem-dentata dente postico duplo longiore. Frons interan- tennalis in media fissa, quadridentata ; dentibus medianis quam lateralibus paululum prominentioribus. Oculi pergrandes, globosi. Clielopoda maris elongata, pubescentia ; mero lato, crasso, superne squamoso, margine an- teriore quadridentata, posteriore bidentata, dente exterior terminali, interiore submediano ; carpo gracili, bidentata ; manu gracili, longitudinaliter acute costata, superne tri'^pinosa ; digitis quam palma paulo brevioribus, gracillimis, compressis. Pedes ambulatorii graciles, tertii quam quarti paris parum longiores. Abdomen maris triangulare, sed sat gracile. Carapacis long. 0-68 ; lat. 122 poll. i7a6. — Prope oras Sinenses, lat. bor. 23° ; in fundo limoso prof. 16 org. 113. Amphitrite hastatoides, De Haan ; loc. cit. p. 39, pi. i. f. 3. In sinu bus prope " Hong Kong " ; in fundo limoso, prof. 5-8 org. 114. Amphitrite gracillima, nov. sp. Parvula ; spina laterali longissima ; angulis posticis spiniferis ; dentibus antero-lateralibus minutis. Pedes ambula- torii longi ut in A. tenuipede. A. longispince, vigilantisque aflEinis, sed manu spina una solum prope basim digiti. Ab A. hastatoide differt frontis dentibus lateralibus quam medianis prominentioribus, margine orbitali supra dentifera, et chelopodis gracilioribus. Hab. — In sinu "Port Lloyd" ad insulas " Bonin " ; fundo limoso prof. 10 org. 115. Amphitrite Haanii. A. gladiator, De Haan ; loc. cit. p. 29, pi. i. f. 5. (v ix L. gladiator^ M. Edwards.) [March, NATURAL SCIENCES OE PHILADELPHIA. 89 In mari Sinensi, lat. bor. 23"" ; ad insulam " Tanegasima " ; et in sinii '^Kagosima" ; in fundis arenosis prof. 12-20 org. 116. Amphitritb media, nov. sp. A. Haanii affinis, sed dente laterali bre- viore, quam proximo vix diiplo longiore. Dentes antero-laterales approximati, Frons interantennalis dentibus medianis et lateralibus jequalibus, non dis- paribus ut in A. speciosa. Chelopoda foeminse mero brevi, lato. % Cara- pacis long. 0-88 ; lat. -32 poll. Hab. — In freto " Glaspar." 117. Amphiteitb speciosa, Dana, loc. cit. i. 276, pi. xvii. f. 1. A. gladiator, De Haan ; loc. cit. pi. xviii. f. 1 (?). Ad insulas " Tanegasima " et "Loo Ckoo" ; fundo arenoso prof. 12 org. 118. Charybdis anisodon, De Haan ; loc. cit. p. 42. Inportu " Hong Kong" ; e fundo limoso, sex org. 119. Charybdis crucifbra, Dana. Portunus crucifer, Fabr. ; Herbst ; Naturg. d. Krabben und Krebse, pi. xxx. f. 1. In porta " Hong Kong" ; vulgaris in fundis limosis prof. 6-20 org. 120. Charybdis variegata, De Haan ; loc. cit. p. 42, pi. i. f. 2. In marl Sinensi boreali. 121. Charybdis sbxdentata, De Haan ; loc. cit. p. 41, pi. xii. f. 1. In portu Hong Kong" ; littoralis in locis arenosis lapidosisque. 122. Charybdis granulata, De Haan; loc. cit. p. 42, pi. i. f. 1. In fretis prope insulam "Hong Kong" ; in fundo limoso et conclioso, prof. 10 org. 123. Charybdis miles, De Haan; loc. cit. p. 41, pi. xi. f. 1. In portu "Hong Kong." 124. Charybdis truncata. Thalamita truncata, De Haan ; loc. cit. p. 43, pi. ii. f. 3. et pi. xii. f. 3. Inportu "Hong Kong." 125. Thalamita admete, M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 459. Dana ; loc. cit. i. 281, pi. xvii. f. 5. Ad insulam "Ousima." 126. Thalamita Integra, Dana ; loc. cit. i. 281, pi. xvii. f. 6. Ad insulas " Ousima" et "Kikaisima." 127. Thalamita sima, M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 460. In portu "Hong Kong." 128. Thalamita crbnata, Ruppell ; Krabben des rotlien Meeres, p. 6, pi. i. f. 2. Ad insulam " Loo Clioo" ; in sestuario parvo limoso sublittoralis. 129. Thalamita Dan.e. T. cre7iata, Dana, loc. cit. i. 282, pi. xvii. f. 7. (non Ruppell.) In portu " Hong Kong" ; littoralis. 130. Thalamita picta, nov. sp. Parva, fEavo coccineoque variegata. Cara- pax pubescens, lineis transversis elevatis ut in T. Dance dispositis. Margo antero-lateralis dentibus quinque, quinto quam tertio parum minore, quarto parvulo. Frons media paulo prominente, margine profunde crenata, dentibus sex ; duobus medianis parvis rotundatis, proximis latis, externis parvis acutis. Antennae articulus basalis crista brevi, laminiformi, Isevi, valde prominente, ultra frontem extensa. Clielopoda sujira squamosa, spinifera, et pubescentia : spina ad apicem carpi longa ; manu extus costata. Pedes natatorii articulo penultimo margine postico spinoso. % Carapacis long. 0*470 ; lat. 0*745 poll. Hab. — Ad insulum " Ousima" ; littoralis inter lapides et rupes. 131. Thalamita crassimana, Dana ; loc. cit. i. 284, pi. xvii. f. 9. T. prymna, De Haan ; loc. cit. p. 43, j)l- xii. f. 2 (non Herbst, M. Edwards.) Ad insulam " Loo Choo" ; fundo limoso prof. 1 org. 132. Anisopus punctatus, De Haan ; loc. cit. p. 44, pi. ii. f. 1. Prope oras insularum "Niphon" et " Jesso," Jajjonise Borealis ; in fundis arenosis. 1858.] 40 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP CORYSTOIDEA. 133. Trichocera gibbosula, De Haan ; loc. cit. p. 45, pi. ii. f. 4. et pi. xiii. f. 3. In mari prope oras orientales insuljB " Mphon" ; fundo arenoso prof. 30 org. 134. Kradssia nitida, nov. sp. Carapax suborbicularis, nitidus, psene Isevis, obsolete lineolatus. Frons interantennalis valde prominens, media profunde fissa, bilobata, lobis profunde excavatis ; margine ciliato. Margo orbitalis superior fissura valida. Margo antero-lateralis ciliata, minute crenulata, in- cisuris inconspicuis tribus v. quatuor dentes significantibus. Chelopoda vix rugulosa. % Carapacis long. 0*32 ; lat. 0*36 poll, DifFert a K. integro carapace augustiore et fronte magis iDrominente ; a K. rugulosa et porcellana spinis later- alibus nullis. Hah. — In mari Sinensi Boreali et in sinu " Kagosima" ; fundo arenoso prof. 20-24 org. 135. Cheirogonus acutidens, nov. sp. C. hippocarcinoide, serratoque affinis, sed dente laterali v. majore longo, graciliore ; post quam dente parvulo inter- medio. % Carapacis long. 1*45 ; lat.. (inter apices dentium) 1'83 poll. VbI- gariter duplo major. Ilab. — In sinubus freti " Tsugar" inter insulas " Jesso" et "Niphon." 136. Nautilocorystes ocellatus, M. Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust, ii. 149. Dicera octo-dentata, De Haan, Krauss. Ad Promontorium Bonse Spei in sinii " Simon's Bay" ; fundo arenoso prof. 12 org. Descriptions of New Species of Unio, from Tennessee, Alabama and North. Carolina. BY ISAAC LEA. Unio turgidulus, — Testa Ijbvi, elliptica, subaequilaterall, ad latere vel paulis- perplanulata vel impressa ; valvulis crassis, aatice crassioribus, natibus tiimidis, subelevatis incurvisque ; epidermide luteo-olivacea, crebre virido-radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus subgrandibus, elevatis, sabconicis, crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus curtis, subcrassis subrectisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. Hab. — Cumberland River, Tennessee, Dr. Troost and T. C. Downie. Florence, Alabama. Rev. G. White. Unio perradiatus. — Testa laevi, subtriangulari, inflata, postice obtuse biangu- ]>»ta, subinEequilaterali ; valvulis crassiusculis, postice crassioribus; natibus subgraadibuj, tumidis et incurvis ; epidermide nitida, lutea et tota virido-ra- diata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, valde crenulatis; in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus sub brevis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. Hab. — Florence, Alabama. Rev. George White. Unio Mrredithii. — Testa sulcata, subtrigona, vald corapressa, postice obtuse angulata, inajquilaterali ; valvulis subcrassis, antice crassioribus ; epidermide crocea ; dentibus cardinalibus subcrassis, crenulatisque ; lateralibus crassis. curtis subrectisque ; margarita subcrocea et iridescente. Bab. — Tennessee River, Florence, Alabama. L. B. Thornton. Unio Pybasii. — Testa lasvi, elliptica, iuflata, postice obtuse angulata, in^equi- laterali ; valvulis subcrassis; natibus prominulis ; epidermide tenebroso fused, obsolete radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus submagnis, obtuse angulatis, crenu- latis ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis curvisque ; margarita vel alba vel salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente. Hab. — ^Tennessee River at Florence, Alabama. B. Pybas. Unio virescens. — Testa laevi, elliptica, subinflata, postice angulata, valde; inaequilaterati ; valvulis subtenuibus, antice crassioribus ; natibus prominulis : epidermide nitida, luteo-viridi, obsolete radiata, antice tenebrosa; dentibus, [March., NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 41 cardinalibus parvis, accuminatis, crenulatis, in utroque valvule duplicibus ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis rectisque ; margarita alba et valde iridescente. Hab. — Tennessee River, at Florence, Alabama. B. Pybas. Unio nbusensis. — Testa laevi, oblonga, subcompressa, ad latere planulata postice tumida et biangulata, valde inaequilaterali ; valvulis subcrassis • natibus prominulis ; epiderme nigricante^ striata et eradiata ; dentibus cardi- nalibus parviusculis, crenulatis, in utroque valvulo subduplicibus ; lateralibus praelongis subcurvisque ; margarita vel purpurea vel salmonis colore tinctil et iridescente. Hab. — Neuse River, six miles from Raleigh, N. C. Prof. Emmons. Unio purus. — Testa laevi, elliptica, subcompressa, postice rotundata, insequila- terali ; valvulis subcrassis, antice spissata ; natibus subprominentibus ; epider- mide luteo-oliva, glabra, ad umbones polita, obsolete radiata ; dentibus cardi- nalibus submagnis, accuminatis, crenulatis, in utroque valvulo subduplicibus : lateralibus sublongis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita alba et iridescente. Hab. — Neuse River, six miles from Raleigh, N. C. Prof. Emmons. Unio exactus. — Testa lievi, elliptica, compressa, postice rotundata, inaequila- terali; valvulis subcrassis; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-rufa, striata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, crenulatis, in utroque valvulo du- plicibus, lateralibus sublongis, lamellatis subrectisque ; margarita alba et irides- cente. Hab. — Neuse River, six miles from Raleigh, N. C. Prof. Emmons. Descriptions of a New Helix and Two New Planorbes. BY ISAAC LEA. Helix Clarkii. — Testa superne rotundatd, inferne piano- convexa, regu- lariter striata, brunneo-cornea, imperforata, unodpntata : anfractibus septenis, oblique striata; apertura lunata, subdilata; labro albido, reflexo, inferne calloso ; columella in medio uno-dentata, ad basim impressa. Hab — Tuskee Cove, Cherokee County, North Carolina. Prof. D. Christy, Hamilton, Ohio. Planorbis Wheatleyi. — Testa parva, tenubroso-cornea, planulata, obsolete striata, bicarinata, superne depre~sa, inferne late et profundite umbilicata ; anfractibus quinis, superne obtuse carinata, inferne acute carinata ; apertura albida, crassa et valde constricta, intus sexdentata. Hab. — Cotoma Creek, Montgomery County, Alab. C. M. Wheatley. Planorbis Newberryi. — Testa pallido-cornea, depresso-turrita, minutissime striata, superne et inferne acuto-carinata, late et profundite umbilicata; an- fractibus quinis, planulatis ; apertura magna, pallido cornea, subtriangulari. Hab. — Klamath Lake and Canoe Creek, California. J. S. Newberry, M. D. Descriptions of New Organic Remains collected in Nebraska Territory in tHie year 1857, by Dr. F. V. Hayden, Geologist to the Exploring Expedition under the command of Lieut. G. K. Warren, Top. Engr. U. S Army, together witli some remarks on the Geology of the Black Hills and portions of the surround- ing Country.* BY F. B. MEEK AND F. V. HAYDEN. After leaving the great area of comparatively low country composed of nearly horizontal Tertiary and Cretaceous formations, lying between the Missouri and the Black Hills, the geologist, on approaching the latter, soon begins to see in ^Washington, D. C, March 1, 1858. Capt. A. A. Humphreys, Top. Eng. in charge Off. Expl'n and Surveys. Sir : The accompanying paper, by Messrs. F. B. Meek and F. V. Hayden, descrip- tive of New Organic Remains discovered by the exploration in Nebraska, organ- ized by the War Department and placed under my command in May last, 1858.] 42 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF the disturbed condition of the strata over which he is passing, unmistakable evidences that the hills looming- up before him are not merely elevations left by the denuda,tion of the surrounding country, but monuments of the former action here of those powerful subterranean forces which have played so impor- tant a part in modifying the earth's physical features. First, in passing from the undisturbed overlying Miocene formation, we come ^ directly upon No. 5, or the upper member of the Cretaceous series of the north- west, as subdivided in the published sections of the Nebraska formations. Then in regular succession Nos. 4, 3, 2, and 1, are passed over, all dipping sometimes at a high angle away from the Black Hills.* Beyond, and coming up from be- neath No. 1, an older series of very similar strata, containing many organic re- mains, which we regard as Jurassic types, is passed over, as we ascend the hills. Then we have some fine red gypsum bearing deposites, separated by a bed of lime- stone containing a few fossils like Coal measure forms. Next comes a group of well-marked Carboniferous formations, which repose upon a reddish and grayish sandstone of the same age as the Potsdam sand- stone of the New York system, — all of which were often seen highly inclined, and apparently conformable. The Potsdam, in its turn, was met with, some- with remarks in relation to the Geology of the Black Hills, has been prepared for the purpose of being read at the next meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, and I therefore, beg leave to ask the authority of the Department thus to dispose of it. The region embraced by these Black Hills lies mainly between the north and south forks of the Shyenne River, and north-west of the well-known Mauvaises Terres of White River. Everything relating to it has hitherto been most im- perfectly understood. Situated remote from the great lines of travel to the Pa- cific, and inhabited by brave and numerous warriors of the Dakota nation, de- termined to resist the encroachments or intrusions of white men, it has remained an unknown land, especially to scientific men, whose pursuits are viewed by the Indians with superstitious apprehension. Even the trappers and traders have generally avoided this dangerous locality, and hence the most er- roneous ideas have been entertained of the position, direction, extent, and formation of these so-called Hills. Our exploration of the past year has, however, in a great measure settled these points. We now know them to be a detached portion of the great up- heaved mountain mass occupying the western portion of the territory of the United States, and the most eastern part of it yet discovered. They form an assemblage of mountain elevations lying between the meridians of 103° 15, and 104° 45, west from Greenwich, and between the parallels of 43° 20 and 44° 45 north latitude, the general deviation of the upland being about N. 20® W. The highest peaks are elevated about 6700 feet above the level of the sea, and from 500 to 4500 feet above the surrounding country. The geological discoveries which the exploration has made are of much value to science, and the announcement of a few of the most important ones is the object of the paper herewith submitted. Mr. Meek has co-operated with Dr. Hayden in elaborating the results from the materials collected, without any pecuniary recompense from the government, Dr. Hayden being the Geologist to the expedition. Very respectfully your ob't serv't, G. K. Warren, Lt. Top. Engrs. The above letter, and accompanying paper, have been submitted to the Secre- tary of War. Their communication to the Academy of Natural Sciences is authorized. A. A. Humphreys, March 1, 1851. Capt. Topi. Engrs. in charge of Office &c. * We should state here that the Tertiary beds were also often seen in the form of out- liers, reposing uncon form ably on several of the older rocks, even down to the Carbon^ iferous, near the south base of the Black Hills. [March^ NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43 times far up on the higher points of the mountain, resting unconforraably upon the upturned edges of what appears to be a series of very ancient, highl}" meta- morphosed sedimentary strata, standing vertical. Beyond and beneath the lat- ter, the main body of the mountains seems to be made up of a coai se feldspathic granite, composed of large crystals of feldspar, with very small proportions of quartz and mica. This granite, and portions of the adjacent strata, were often seen traversed by various veins, dikes, and larger outbursts of basaltic and other eruptive rocks. In order that our remarks may be more clearly understood, we give below a general vertical section of the rocks seen in the Black Hills and around their base, showing their order of succession, and approximate thickness. It is not, of course pretended that all these formations were seen lying in con- tact at any one locality; but they were often met with, under such circum- stances, and holding such relations, as to leave little room to doubt that this is their true order of superposition. General Section of the Geological Formations seen in and near the Black Hills {descending). 1st. Miocene beds consisting of whitish clays and sandstones of various thick- ness. f No. 5. Of the Nebraska general section, with its usual characters and fos- sils— 150ft. ! No. 4. Presenting its usual characters and containing its characteristic fossils, — 150 feet. No. 3. Usual fossils and composition, — 150 to 200 ft. No. 2. Usual lithological characters and fossils, with some new forms, — 200 to 250 ft. No. 1. Upper part yellowish and reddish sandstone, sometimes in heavy beds, passing down into alternations of yellowish, gray, bluish, and reddish laminated shale, with seams and layers of dark car- bonaceous matter, or impure lignite; beneath which there is a heavy bed of compact yellowish and reddish sandstone, with in- distinct vegetable remains, and ranch fossil wood, — above beds va- riable at different places, — 300 to 400 ft. Then come alternations of light gra,j argillaceous grit, and rather soft sandstone, containing Ammonites Henryi^ n. s. p., and a sjnall oyster ; also in bluish gray compact argillo-calcareous masses Unio nncalis n. s. p , and a small Planorbis, with other small L univalves like Paludina. f A. — Layers of argillo-calcareous, somewhat gritty mass, containing Belemnites densus, n. s. p., Ammonites cor diformis, n. s. p., Avicula {Monotis) tenuicostata^ n. s. p., Area {Cvcullcea) inornata, n. s. p. ; passing down into a G or 8 foot bed light gray, or yellowish sand- stone, with ripple marks and trails of marine worms, 50 to 80 ft. B. — Light red argillo-calcareous gritty bed, with greenish seams, and nodules (sometimes wanting,) — 30 to 40 ft. C. — Soft gray and dark brownish sandstone, passing down into about 8 feet of laminated shale of various colors, below which there is a 6 foot bed of sandstone similar to that above, containing Avicula tenuicostata^ and trails of marine worms. Then comes 30 to 40 feet of bluish, or ash-colored argillaceous shale, with great num- bers of Lingula brevirostra^ n. s. p., and Serpula. Next we have a light-gray calcareous grit, containing columns of Pentacrinus asteriscus, n. s. p., Avicula tenuicostata, Serpula, kc, the more com pact and calcareous portions often perforated by Pholas ? The latter bed passes down into a light-yellowish gray sandstone, splitting into thin layers, and containing imperfect casts of Mytilus (Modiola), Pecten^ Trigonia, and other bivalves, in consider- able numbers. Whole 60 to 100 ft. 1858.] 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF f D. — Brick-red, incoherent, argillo-calcareous, very fine slightly gritty I material, containing great quantities of gypsum in the form of I seams, layers, and irregular beds, — 100 to 150 ft. • I E. — Bluish and reddish gray, very hard gritty limestone, in which were a> I found a smooth spirifer-like S. lineatus, two or three species small J Pleurofomaria, two species Macrocheilus and one or two species M I of Bellerophon. This bed is variable in thickness, — 10 to 50 feei. 3 I F. — Brick-red material, very similar to the bed D, excepting that it con- 2 -{ tains much less gypsum ; passing down into a very hard compact concretionary sandstone, — 250 to 300 ft. G. — Hard, more or less gritty, yellowish and whitish limestone, contain- ing Productus, Spirifer, Uuomphalus, &c. &c., passing down into a light- yellow calcareous grit; altogether 50 ft, H. — Very hard reddish-gray limestone, containing Syringopora^ Producius. Terebratula, Ac. In the middle of this bed there is an 8 foot layer of very bard compact bluish limestone containing many crinoid re- mains, whole 50 ft. I. — Potsdam sandstone, containing Lingula^ Obolus ? and fragments of Trilobites, — 30 to 50 ft. J. — Highly metamorphosed strata, standing vertical. K. — Coarse feldspathic granite, forming mountain masses. The upper beds of the foregoing section, as seen along the Missouri, and in other portions of Nebraska, having been described on former occasions, and presenting few important new features, in the region of the Black Hills, we pass, for the present, at once to the consideration of those below, beginning with No. 2. This formation, it will be observed, augments greatly in volume towards the west, its thickness along the Missouri, above the mouth of Big Sioux River, having been generally estimated at about ninety feet, while here, near the Black Hills, it attains a thickness of two hundred feet. As it appears to be en- tirely wanting on the Missouri, near Judith River above Fort Union, and is found to diminish rapidly as we ascend the Big Sioux from the Missouri ; while there are many facts pointing to the conclusion that it is one of the main fossil bearing beds of the Cretaceous series in Texas and New Mexico, we may rea- sonably infer that the sediment of which it is composed came originally from gome source fi\r to the southwest. Lithologically this formation presents much the same characters near the Black Hills as along the Missouri, being composed of dark gray laminated clays. Several of its characteristic fossils were also found near the S. E. base of tJie Black Hills amongst which we recognise Ammonites percarinatus (^UaW and Meek), of much larger size than those usually obtained along the Missouri, and numerous specimens of a Cijiherea, perhaps identical with C. tenuis (RnW and Meek). Some interesting new forms were likewise found associated with the foregoing, amongst which there is a large Ammonite, having septa somewhat like those of A. placenta, but rounded on the dorsum ; and a large strongly costated Ammonite, with very prominent nodes along the dorso-lateral margins, apparently very similar to a species described by Drs. Evans and Shumard under the name of J.. Galpinanus ; also a new species of Scaphites, closely related in the structure of its septa to ^. hippocrepis of Dr. Kay. It will be remembered, we have in all our published papers, when speaking of that portion of the Nebraska section composing No. 1, expressed doubts re- specting its age. We placed it provisionally as the basis formation of the Cre- taceous series, but at the same time stated it was " not positively known to be- long to the Cretaceous system." In our last paper on the Nebraska formations, and their parallelism with those of the States, and the far southwest, communi- cated to the Academy in May, 1857, after having given all the facts in our pos- session bearing on this point, we stated that " although the weight of evidence NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45 thus far favors the conclusion that this lower series (No. 1) is of the age of the Lower Green sand, or Neocomian of the old word, we yet want positive evidence that portions of it may noi be older than any part of the Cretaceous system." Although we have little direct additional evidence at this time in regard to the age of this series, as we have always understood it, we now know that from beneath its lower beds, around the base of the Black Hills, there rises a series of very similar strata, as may be seen by the foregoing section, separated from its base by no well-marked line of demarkation, and containing many fossils closely similar to those considered characteristic of the Jurassic system of the old world. At the same time we have failed to recognize amongst these fossils any forms peculiar to the Cretaceous epoch, or even very nearly analogous to species common in rocks of that age. The formations above alluded to as containing Jurassic types of fossils, are marked in the foregoing sections A, B, and C inclusive. But as before stated, these beds often pass so gradually, in their lithological characters, into No. 1 above, and so few fossils have been found near the junction, that we confess we have but a vague and indefinite idea in regard to the particular horizon at which the line should be drawn between them. Indeed, the gene- ral aspect of No. 1, and that of the formations below, are so very similar, and they are all so unlike the beds above, that if we were to classify them by their lithological characters alone, we should be inclined to view No. 1, and formations A, B, and C as forming one natural group, or at least to think that portions of No. 1, as we now understand it, should be classed with the series below. This view also appears to be the more reasonable when we take into consideration the great thickness of No. 1 in the vicinity of the Black Hills, and the fact that the beds A, B, and C contain a group of fossils apparently more nearly related to lower than upper Jurassic forms. Inasmuch, however, as numerous leaves beyond a doubt belonging to dicoty- ledonous trees, closely analogous to the oaks, willows, and other existing forest trees, are known to occur in No. 1 along the Missouri, near the Big Sioux, and in northeastern Kansas,""" and we have a BacuUte from similar beds, apparently of the same age, near the mouth of Judith River, on the upper Missouri, — while we also learn from the letters and notes of our deceased friend, Mr. Henry Prat- ten, that he saw a species of Baculite in formations presenting the same charac- ters, and seeming to occupy the same position, along the Platte above Fort La- ramie, we think we hazard little in viewing at least a considerable portion of No. 1 as belonging to the Cretaceous system. Another fact favoring the opinion that No, 1, even down as low as we have provisionally carried it in the Black Hills section, probably belongs to the lower Cretaceous, is the occurrence at its base of a bed conl&mmg Amm.onites and Os- trea^ along with Unio^ Planorbis, and Paludina ; an association of fossils which, in that position, carries the mind rather to the Wealden than to older forma- tions. The occurrence of these forms at this horizon, also leads us to suspect that a considerable portion of the estuary beds at the mouth of Judith River, above Fort Union, in regard to the age of which we have been so much puzzled, may be, as first suggested by Dr. Leidy, a representative of the Wealden, and as we were then inclined to suppose, belong to our No. 1. The close similarity between the lithological characters of these deposits, and those of some of the Tertiary formations of the north-west, and the estuary character of their fossils, together with the analogy of many of the species of mollusca found in one of the upper beds, (which may be an outlier of Tertiary resting on older formations), taken in connection with the fact that amongst the fossils collected from one of the middle beds (see section, page 124, vol. viii. Pro- ceedings, 1857,) there were some fragments of a Trionyx^ regarded by Dr. Leidy as identical with a species occurring in well-marked Tertiary deposits near Long * We are indebted to Maj, Hawn for our knowledge of the occurrence of these leaves in No. 1, as seen in Kansas. 1858.] 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP Lake, below Fort Clark, led us subsequently to think the whole of these estuary beds, near the Judith, might possibly be only an outlier of Tertiary reposing upon deposits of the age of our No. 1. At the same time, in consequence of the occurrence in them of remains regarded by Dr. Leidyas analogous io Lepidotus^ Iguanodon^ and Megalosaurus^ we stated that "in the midst of evidence of such a conflicting nature, it is unsafe to express any very positive opinion respecting the age of these formations." Since we know that there is a similar group of beds at the base of No. 1, as we now understand it, near the Black Hills, containing a mingling of freshwater and marine fossils, although we are not sure any of them are specifically identical with those found near the Judith, we are inclined to think our first views in re- gard to these Judith River formations will prove to be correct, or in other woids, the beds from which the saurian remains, described by Dr. Leidy, were obtained, will yet prove to be a part of the series we include in No. 1 of the Black Hills section. This view receives additional support, too, from the fact that the Judith River freshwater or estuary formations were often seen much upheaved and distorted, while around the Black Hills the Tertiary deposits appear to lie un- disturbed upon the upheaved older rocks, in such a manner as to indicate that the last period of disturbance amongst the strata of this region occured af- ter the close of the Cretaceous epoch, but previous to the deposition of the Ter- tiary. The evidence pointing to the conclusion that formations A, B, and C of the foregoing section should be regarded as probably Jurassic, is, first, the affinities of their organic remains ; and secondly, their stratigraphical position. It is true we do not pretend to have recognized in these deposits any genera peculiar to the Jura ; but at the same time we have failed to identify amongst these fossils any species belonging to genera limited in their range to the Cretaceous sys- tem ; while in their specific relations, so far as we have been able to make com- parisons, they are nearly ail much more closely allied to Jurassic than Creta- ceous forms, if not indeed actually identical with the former in some cases. This will, perhaps, be better understood by the following comparisons of some of the species described in this paper, from these formations : — ■ \st Fentacrinus asteriscus^ n. s. p., from near the lower part of formation C, is so nearly like the Liassic P. scalaris, Goldfuss, that it is with some hesitation we have regarded it as new. 2d. Avicula (^Monotis) temcicostaia, n. s. p., ranging from the lower part of the bed A to near the base of bed C, is very closely related to M. substriata of Min- ster, from the Lias. "id. Area {Cuculla^a) inornaia, n. s. p., from the lower part of bed A, is very similar to C. Munsteri (Zeiien), also from the Lias. Ath. Panopcea {Mi/acites) subelUpticay n. s. p., from the bed C, is similar lo the Liassic forms M. Liassensis and M. Alduininus of Quenstedt. 5th. Ammonites cordiformis, n. s. p., from bed A, is of the same type as the Oolitic species A. cordatus (Sowerby).